Feat: added caching schema for debuginfo type names

[Sl1mb0]

This is a WIP addressing #86431. This PR aims to accomplish two things:

• Implements a caching schema to avoid redundant calls to compute_debuginfo_type_name().
• Add profiling support for determining the amount of redundant computations that would be performed, if the caching schema were not implemented.
  • As for how: I plan to just use counters to track how many times we call compute_debuginfo_type_name() and how many times we return a name for the cache. @rylev also suggested that determining how many individual memory allocations occur each time redundant work is performed, but I am unsure of how to go about this.