Relax outputSchema to any JSON Schema 2020-12 document per SEP-2106

src/ModelContextProtocol.Core/McpJsonUtilities.cs

@@ -84,6 +84,17 @@ internal static bool IsValidMcpToolSchema(JsonElement element)
         return false; // No type keyword found.
     }
 
+    // Per SEP-2106, a tool's outputSchema may be any valid JSON Schema document — not just
+    // schemas with type:"object". Validation is therefore reduced to a structural check
+    // matching JSON Schema 2020-12: a schema may be either a JSON object (the usual form
+    // with keywords like "type", "properties", etc.) or a boolean (`true` matches anything,
+    // `false` matches nothing). Stricter keyword-level validation is intentionally not
+    // performed. Pre-2026-06-30 clients still receive the legacy wrapped wire shape — that
+    // wiring lives in AIFunctionMcpServerTool.CreateStructuredResponse and McpServerImpl's
+    // listToolsHandler.
+    internal static bool IsValidToolOutputSchema(JsonElement element) =>
+        element.ValueKind is JsonValueKind.Object or JsonValueKind.True or JsonValueKind.False;
+
     // Keep in sync with CreateDefaultOptions above.
     [JsonSourceGenerationOptions(JsonSerializerDefaults.Web,
         DefaultIgnoreCondition = JsonIgnoreCondition.WhenWritingNull,

src/ModelContextProtocol.Core/McpSessionHandler.cs

@@ -72,6 +72,30 @@ internal static bool SupportsPrimingEvent(string? protocolVersion)
         return string.Compare(protocolVersion, MinResumabilityProtocolVersion, StringComparison.Ordinal) >= 0;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks whether the negotiated protocol version permits emitting non-object output
+    /// schemas and their structured content in their natural shape (per SEP-2106).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="protocolVersion">The negotiated protocol version, or <c>null</c> if
+    /// negotiation has not completed.</param>
+    /// <returns><c>true</c> if the version is <c>"2026-06-30"</c> or later (including the
+    /// in-flight <c>"DRAFT-2026-06-v1"</c>, since <c>'D' &gt; '2'</c> ordinally); <c>false</c>
+    /// otherwise. A <c>false</c> return signals that the wire emission boundary must apply
+    /// the <c>{"result": &lt;value&gt;}</c> envelope expected by clients on protocol versions
+    /// that pre-date SEP-2106's widening of <c>outputSchema</c> to any JSON Schema 2020-12
+    /// document.</returns>
+    internal static bool SupportsNaturalOutputSchemas(string? protocolVersion)
+    {
+        const string MinNaturalOutputSchemasProtocolVersion = "2026-06-30";
+
+        if (protocolVersion is null)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return string.Compare(protocolVersion, MinNaturalOutputSchemasProtocolVersion, StringComparison.Ordinal) >= 0;
+    }
+
     private readonly bool _isServer;
     private readonly string _transportKind;
     private readonly ITransport _transport;

src/ModelContextProtocol.Core/Protocol/Tool.cs

@@ -81,17 +81,24 @@ public JsonElement InputSchema
     } = McpJsonUtilities.DefaultMcpToolSchema;
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Gets or sets a JSON Schema object defining the expected structured outputs for the tool.
+    /// Gets or sets a JSON Schema document describing the shape of the tool's structured output.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">The value is not a valid MCP tool JSON schema.</exception>
+    /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">
+    /// The value is not a valid JSON Schema 2020-12 document — i.e., not a JSON object or a
+    /// JSON boolean.
+    /// </exception>
     /// <remarks>
     /// <para>
-    /// The schema must be a valid JSON Schema object with the "type" property set to "object".
-    /// This is enforced by validation in the setter which will throw an <see cref="ArgumentException"/>
-    /// if an invalid schema is provided.
+    /// Per SEP-2106 ("Allow valid JSON Schemas in <c>outputSchema</c>"), the schema may describe
+    /// any JSON value — object, array, string, number, boolean, or <see langword="null"/> — to
+    /// support tools whose structured output is not an object. The setter only checks that the
+    /// supplied value is a structurally valid JSON Schema 2020-12 document (a JSON object, or
+    /// the boolean schemas <c>true</c>/<c>false</c> per §4.3); deeper keyword-level validation
+    /// is intentionally not performed.
     /// </para>
     /// <para>
-    /// The schema should describe the shape of the data as returned in <see cref="CallToolResult.StructuredContent"/>.
+    /// The schema describes the shape of the value placed in <see cref="CallToolResult.StructuredContent"/>.
+    /// Unlike <see cref="InputSchema"/>, the top-level <c>type</c> is not required to be <c>"object"</c>.
     /// </para>
     /// </remarks>
     [JsonPropertyName("outputSchema")]
@@ -100,9 +107,9 @@ public JsonElement? OutputSchema
         get => field;
         set
         {
-            if (value is not null && !McpJsonUtilities.IsValidMcpToolSchema(value.Value))
+            if (value is not null && !McpJsonUtilities.IsValidToolOutputSchema(value.Value))
             {
-                throw new ArgumentException("The specified document is not a valid MCP tool output JSON schema.", nameof(OutputSchema));
+                throw new ArgumentException("The specified document is not a valid JSON Schema 2020-12 document (must be a JSON object or a JSON boolean).", nameof(OutputSchema));
             }
 
             field = value;

src/ModelContextProtocol.Core/Server/AIFunctionMcpServerTool.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ namespace ModelContextProtocol.Server;
 /// <summary>Provides an <see cref="McpServerTool"/> that's implemented via an <see cref="AIFunction"/>.</summary>
 internal sealed partial class AIFunctionMcpServerTool : McpServerTool
 {
-    private readonly bool _structuredOutputRequiresWrapping;
     private readonly IReadOnlyList<object> _metadata;
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ private static AIFunctionFactoryOptions CreateAIFunctionFactoryOptions(
             Name = options?.Name ?? function.Name,
             Description = GetToolDescription(function, options),
             InputSchema = function.JsonSchema,
-            OutputSchema = CreateOutputSchema(function, options, out bool structuredOutputRequiresWrapping),
+            OutputSchema = CreateOutputSchema(function, options),
             Icons = options?.Icons,
         };
 
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ options.OpenWorld is not null ||
             tool.Execution.TaskSupport = ToolTaskSupport.Optional;
         }
 
-        return new AIFunctionMcpServerTool(function, tool, options?.Services, structuredOutputRequiresWrapping, options?.Metadata ?? []);
+        return new AIFunctionMcpServerTool(function, tool, options?.Services, options?.Metadata ?? []);
     }
 
     private static McpServerToolCreateOptions DeriveOptions(MethodInfo method, McpServerToolCreateOptions? options)
@@ -241,14 +240,13 @@ private static McpServerToolCreateOptions DeriveOptions(MethodInfo method, McpSe
     internal AIFunction AIFunction { get; }
 
     /// <summary>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="McpServerTool"/> class.</summary>
-    private AIFunctionMcpServerTool(AIFunction function, Tool tool, IServiceProvider? serviceProvider, bool structuredOutputRequiresWrapping, IReadOnlyList<object> metadata)
+    private AIFunctionMcpServerTool(AIFunction function, Tool tool, IServiceProvider? serviceProvider, IReadOnlyList<object> metadata)
     {
         ValidateToolName(tool.Name);
 
         AIFunction = function;
         ProtocolTool = tool;
 
-        _structuredOutputRequiresWrapping = structuredOutputRequiresWrapping;
         _metadata = metadata;
     }
 
@@ -258,6 +256,41 @@ private AIFunctionMcpServerTool(AIFunction function, Tool tool, IServiceProvider
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public override IReadOnlyList<object> Metadata => _metadata;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns a <see cref="Tool"/> clone whose <see cref="Tool.OutputSchema"/> is rewritten
+    /// into the wire shape required by clients on protocol versions older than
+    /// <c>"2026-06-30"</c>. Those versions require <c>outputSchema.type == "object"</c>;
+    /// SEP-2106 (negotiated at <c>"2026-06-30"</c> and later) widens that to any JSON
+    /// Schema 2020-12 document. To stay compatible, non-object schemas are wrapped in
+    /// <c>{"type":"object","properties":{"result":&lt;schema&gt;}}</c> and the
+    /// <c>type:["object","null"]</c> array form is normalized to plain <c>"object"</c>
+    /// before emission. Returns <see cref="ProtocolTool"/> unchanged when there is no
+    /// output schema. Callers must gate the call on the negotiated version — this method
+    /// is unconditional; the gate lives at the emission site.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal Tool BuildLegacyWireProtocolTool()
+    {
+        if (ProtocolTool.OutputSchema is not { } natural)
+        {
+            return ProtocolTool;
+        }
+
+        JsonElement legacyOutputSchema = TransformOutputSchemaForLegacyWire(natural);
+
+        return new Tool
+        {
+            Name = ProtocolTool.Name,
+            Title = ProtocolTool.Title,
+            Description = ProtocolTool.Description,
+            InputSchema = ProtocolTool.InputSchema,
+            OutputSchema = legacyOutputSchema,
+            Annotations = ProtocolTool.Annotations,
+            Execution = ProtocolTool.Execution,
+            Icons = ProtocolTool.Icons,
+            Meta = ProtocolTool.Meta,
+        };
+    }
+
     /// <inheritdoc />
     public override async ValueTask<CallToolResult> InvokeAsync(
         RequestContext<CallToolRequestParams> request, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
@@ -279,7 +312,7 @@ public override async ValueTask<CallToolResult> InvokeAsync(
         object? result;
         result = await AIFunction.InvokeAsync(arguments, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
-        JsonElement? structuredContent = CreateStructuredResponse(result);
+        JsonElement? structuredContent = CreateStructuredResponse(result, request.Server.NegotiatedProtocolVersion);
         return result switch
         {
             AIContent aiContent => new()
@@ -491,48 +524,102 @@ schema.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Object ||
         return descriptionElement.GetString();
     }
 
-    private static JsonElement? CreateOutputSchema(AIFunction function, McpServerToolCreateOptions? toolCreateOptions, out bool structuredOutputRequiresWrapping)
+    private static JsonElement? CreateOutputSchema(AIFunction function, McpServerToolCreateOptions? toolCreateOptions)
     {
-        structuredOutputRequiresWrapping = false;
-
         if (toolCreateOptions?.UseStructuredContent is not true)
         {
             return null;
         }
 
+        // Per SEP-2106, any valid JSON Schema document is acceptable for outputSchema —
+        // arrays, primitives, compositions, and nullable types pass through unchanged.
         // Explicit OutputSchema takes precedence over AIFunction's return schema.
-        JsonElement outputSchema;
+        // Back-compat for pre-2026-06-30 clients is applied at the wire emission sites
+        // (CreateStructuredResponse for tools/call, listToolsHandler for tools/list).
         if (toolCreateOptions.OutputSchema is { } explicitSchema)
         {
-            outputSchema = explicitSchema;
+            return explicitSchema;
         }
-        else if (function.ReturnJsonSchema is { } returnSchema)
+
+        if (function.ReturnJsonSchema is { } returnSchema)
         {
-            outputSchema = returnSchema;
+            return returnSchema;
         }
-        else
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns <see langword="true"/> iff the structured-content value must be wrapped in
+    /// the <c>{"result": &lt;value&gt;}</c> envelope on the wire — i.e., the output schema
+    /// is neither plain object-typed (<c>type:"object"</c>) nor the
+    /// <c>type:["object","null"]</c> array form. Used by <see cref="CreateStructuredResponse"/>
+    /// to decide whether to apply the envelope when emitting to a client that negotiated a
+    /// protocol version older than <c>"2026-06-30"</c> (those versions pre-date SEP-2106's
+    /// allowance of non-object output schemas). The inner <c>type:["object","null"]</c>
+    /// check is hoisted into a named bool to keep the surrounding control flow free of
+    /// empty branches.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static bool ShouldWrapValueForLegacyWire(JsonElement schema)
+    {
+        bool structuredOutputRequiresWrapping = false;
+
+        if (schema.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Object ||
+            !schema.TryGetProperty("type", out JsonElement typeProperty) ||
+            typeProperty.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.String ||
+            typeProperty.GetString() is not "object")
         {
-            return null;
+            JsonNode? schemaNode = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(schema, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement);
+
+            bool isNullableObjectArray =
+                schemaNode is JsonObject objSchema &&
+                objSchema.TryGetPropertyValue("type", out JsonNode? typeNode) &&
+                typeNode is JsonArray { Count: 2 } typeArray &&
+                typeArray.Any(type => (string?)type is "object") &&
+                typeArray.Any(type => (string?)type is "null");
+
+            if (!isNullableObjectArray)
+            {
+                structuredOutputRequiresWrapping = true;
+            }
         }
 
-        if (outputSchema.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Object ||
-            !outputSchema.TryGetProperty("type", out JsonElement typeProperty) ||
+        return structuredOutputRequiresWrapping;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Transforms <paramref name="naturalSchema"/> into the wire shape required by clients
+    /// on protocol versions older than <c>"2026-06-30"</c>: non-object schemas are wrapped
+    /// in <c>{"type":"object","properties":{"result":&lt;schema&gt;},"required":["result"]}</c>,
+    /// the <c>type:["object","null"]</c> array form is normalized to plain <c>"object"</c>,
+    /// and plain object-typed schemas pass through unchanged. SEP-2106 clients
+    /// (<c>"2026-06-30"</c>+) see the natural schema and never need this transform.
+    /// Dispatches on <see cref="ShouldWrapValueForLegacyWire"/> so the wrap decision lives
+    /// in one place.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="naturalSchema">The natural JSON Schema 2020-12 document.</param>
+    internal static JsonElement TransformOutputSchemaForLegacyWire(JsonElement naturalSchema)
+    {
+        if (naturalSchema.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.Object ||
+            !naturalSchema.TryGetProperty("type", out JsonElement typeProperty) ||
             typeProperty.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.String ||
             typeProperty.GetString() is not "object")
         {
-            // If the output schema is not an object, need to modify to be a valid MCP output schema.
-            JsonNode? schemaNode = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(outputSchema, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement);
+            JsonNode? schemaNode = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(naturalSchema, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement);
 
             if (schemaNode is JsonObject objSchema &&
                 objSchema.TryGetPropertyValue("type", out JsonNode? typeNode) &&
-                typeNode is JsonArray { Count: 2 } typeArray && typeArray.Any(type => (string?)type is "object") && typeArray.Any(type => (string?)type is "null"))
+                typeNode is JsonArray { Count: 2 } typeArray &&
+                typeArray.Any(type => (string?)type is "object") &&
+                typeArray.Any(type => (string?)type is "null"))
             {
-                // For schemas that are of type ["object", "null"], replace with just "object" to be conformant.
+                // type:["object","null"] → normalize to plain "object". No envelope.
                 objSchema["type"] = "object";
             }
             else
             {
-                // For anything else, wrap the schema in an envelope with a "result" property.
+                // Anything else (string, integer, array, boolean schemas, missing type,
+                // compositions). Wrap in the {"result": <schema>} envelope.
                 schemaNode = new JsonObject
                 {
                     ["type"] = "object",
@@ -547,14 +634,12 @@ typeProperty.ValueKind is not JsonValueKind.String ||
                 // paths (e.g., "#/items/..." or "#") are now invalid because the original schema
                 // has moved under "#/properties/result". Rewrite them to account for the new location.
                 RewriteRefPointers(schemaNode["properties"]!["result"]);
-
-                structuredOutputRequiresWrapping = true;
             }
 
-            outputSchema = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(schemaNode, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement);
+            return JsonSerializer.Deserialize(schemaNode, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement);
         }
 
-        return outputSchema;
+        return naturalSchema;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -603,7 +688,7 @@ private static void RewriteRefPointers(JsonNode? node)
         }
     }
 
-    private JsonElement? CreateStructuredResponse(object? aiFunctionResult)
+    private JsonElement? CreateStructuredResponse(object? aiFunctionResult, string? negotiatedProtocolVersion)
     {
         if (ProtocolTool.OutputSchema is null)
         {
@@ -619,10 +704,14 @@ private static void RewriteRefPointers(JsonNode? node)
             _ => JsonSerializer.SerializeToElement(aiFunctionResult, AIFunction.JsonSerializerOptions.GetTypeInfo(typeof(object))),
         };
 
-        if (_structuredOutputRequiresWrapping)
+        // Pre-SEP-2106 clients expect the {"result": <value>} envelope for non-object
+        // schemas. SEP-2106 clients see the natural shape. The classification is decided
+        // fresh per request from the stored natural schema.
+        if (!McpSessionHandler.SupportsNaturalOutputSchemas(negotiatedProtocolVersion) &&
+            ShouldWrapValueForLegacyWire(ProtocolTool.OutputSchema.Value))
         {
-            JsonNode? resultNode = elementResult is { } je
-                ? JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(je, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement)
+            JsonNode? resultNode = elementResult is { } v
+                ? JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(v, McpJsonUtilities.JsonContext.Default.JsonElement)
                 : null;
             return JsonSerializer.SerializeToElement(new JsonObject
             {

src/ModelContextProtocol.Core/Server/McpServerImpl.cs

@@ -733,9 +733,22 @@ await originalListToolsHandler(request, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false)
 
                 if (request.Params?.Cursor is null)
                 {
+                    // SEP-2106 wire shaping: clients on protocol versions older than
+                    // 2026-06-30 require outputSchema.type == "object", so the natural
+                    // schema is reshaped before emission (type:["object","null"] normalized
+                    // to "object", any other non-object schema wrapped in
+                    // {"type":"object","properties":{"result":<schema>}}). Clients on
+                    // 2026-06-30+ receive the natural JSON Schema 2020-12 document stored
+                    // on Tool.OutputSchema. Only AIFunctionMcpServerTool tools go through
+                    // reshaping; custom McpServerTool subclasses build their Tool directly
+                    // and pass through unchanged at every protocol version.
+                    bool useNaturalSchemas = McpSessionHandler.SupportsNaturalOutputSchemas(request.Server.NegotiatedProtocolVersion);
                     foreach (var t in tools)
                     {
-                        result.Tools.Add(t.ProtocolTool);
+                        Tool wireTool = useNaturalSchemas || t is not AIFunctionMcpServerTool aiFunctionTool
+                            ? t.ProtocolTool
+                            : aiFunctionTool.BuildLegacyWireProtocolTool();
+                        result.Tools.Add(wireTool);
                     }
                 }