Rewrite the documentation with an academic tone and references

[lpenap]

Summary

Documentation pass over the whole repository.

Main README

• Abstract, table of contents, quickstart with the console-runner option
• Catalogue split into creational, structural, behavioural patterns and concurrency constructs, each with a one-line intent
• Design of the host application: package tree, discovery by type, output through Logback and OutputSink, configuration binding, constructor injection, threading
• Building and quality gates: tool table, JaCoCo thresholds, both CI services and what each does
• Step-by-step guide to adding a new example, plus the documentation conventions every pattern README follows
• Related projects section pointing to java-monitor-example as the companion for the monitor construct
• General references

Pattern READMEs (11)
Each follows the same outline adapted from Gamma et al.: intent (quoted with page reference), motivation, structure (existing diagram and PlantUML kept), participants table mapping canonical roles to the classes in the package, the example's expected output, consequences, related patterns, numbered references. Notable additions:

• Singleton: explains why the textbook lazy initialisation is not thread-safe and lists the correct Java alternatives with sources (JLS, Bloch, Goetz, Manson/Pugh/Adve, DCL declaration)
• Producer/Consumer: traces the bounded-buffer problem to Dijkstra 1965, Hoare 1974 and Brinch Hansen 1973, explains how LinkedBlockingDeque realises a monitor, and links to java-monitor-example for the hand-written synchronized/wait/notifyAll version
• Factory: positioned honestly as the Simple Factory idiom rather than a GoF pattern
• Factory Method: notes that the reduced example collapses the product hierarchy to a value and maps GenericProduct to the Creator role
• Observer: JavaBeans PropertyChangeSupport, the deprecation of java.util.Observable, and the suppressed-event subtlety the test works around

Code

• Two typo fixes in log output: "ConcretepProduct" (and its test) and "Instanciating"

Verification

• ./mvnw clean verify green, 39 tests
• Script-checked every relative link and in-page anchor across the 12 READMEs: 0 broken

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