fix(android): Only request permissions that are defined in the manifest

[OS-pedrogustavobilro]

⚠️ 🤖 AI-assisted PR with claude, with manual verification by me 🤖 ⚠️

Description

This PR changes the permission logic when calling getCurrentPosition or watchPosition, to look at permissions defined in the manifest before requesting them.

This PR also updates the example app and adds additional documentation (docusaurus admonition style, which doesn't look too pretty on GH markdown but looks proper on capacitor docs website, which is the main reference point for docs) regarding the permissions - More documentation and changes may come in future PRs.

Context

Google Play Permission policy updates are tightening the declaration of ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION in android apps for Android 17. Prior to this PR, the plugin was assuming ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION was defined in manifest when enableHighAccuracy was set to true (or for Android < 12), but there may be apps that just have ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, and this PR fixes the permission logic for such apps.

Internal JIRA ref: https://outsystemsrd.atlassian.net/browse/RMET-5198

Type of changes

• Fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Refactor (cosmetic changes)
• Breaking change (change that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)

Platforms affected

• Android
• iOS
• JavaScript

Tests

Feel free to test with the Capacitor app in this repo, with different Android versions, and also keeping / removing ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION from the app's manifest.

Checklist

• Code follows code style of this project
• CHANGELOG.md file is correctly updated
• Changes require an update to the documentation
  • Documentation has been updated accordingly