Write initial snapshot memory in place by ludfjig · Pull Request #1927 · hyperlight-dev/hyperlight

ludfjig · 2026-10-12T20:01:02Z

New sandboxes skip copying their initial memory. Snapshot::from_env writes the guest code, PEB, init data and page tables in place, and the host populates the rest, mostly the heap, on first guest touch. Sandbox creation gets 33 to 88% faster for small to large heaps.

Benchmarks

Compared to the PR below.

MSHV: Linux 6.6 mshv.
KVM: Linux 6.17.

Benchmark	MSHV	KVM
`sandboxes/create_initialized/small`	4.6 ms → 3.09 ms (−33%)	5.12 ms → 2.92 ms (−43%)
`sandboxes/create_initialized/medium`	11.8 ms → 5.93 ms (−50%)	9.81 ms → 3.11 ms (−68%)
`sandboxes/create_initialized/large`	38.5 ms → 11 ms (−71%)	28.8 ms → 3.59 ms (−88%)
`snapshot_files/cold_start_via_evolve/large`	38.8 ms → 10.7 ms (−72%)	29.1 ms → 4.24 ms (−85%)

No benchmark regresses.

Full results

All benchmarks on both hosts (click to expand)

Before → after (change). Negative is faster. Bold is a regression. ~ is no consistent change. A change needs agreement between a 0.5 s and a 3 s run, or a 3 s run alone.

snapshots

Benchmark	Size	MSHV	KVM
`call_and_create`	default	378 µs → 366 µs (−3%)	360 µs → 379 µs (~)
`call_and_create`	small	425 µs → 411 µs (~)	417 µs → 462 µs (~)
`call_and_create`	medium	789 µs → 777 µs (~)	769 µs → 769 µs (~)
`call_and_create`	large	1.84 ms → 1.82 ms (~)	1.85 ms → 1.87 ms (~)
`create`	default	249 µs → 234 µs (−6%)	262 µs → 254 µs (~)
`create`	small	291 µs → 282 µs (~)	324 µs → 313 µs (~)
`create`	medium	606 µs → 612 µs (~)	606 µs → 629 µs (~)
`create`	large	1.68 ms → 1.68 ms (~)	1.7 ms → 1.68 ms (~)
`restore`	default	69 µs → 71.4 µs (~)	22.2 µs → 24.7 µs (~)
`restore`	small	68.7 µs → 73.9 µs (~)	26.7 µs → 23.5 µs (~)
`restore`	medium	72.3 µs → 77.2 µs (~)	30.8 µs → 28 µs (~)
`restore`	large	113 µs → 110 µs (~)	85.2 µs → 61.7 µs (~)
`restore_alternate`	default	78.6 µs → 82.5 µs (~)	71.8 µs → 92.1 µs (~)
`restore_alternate`	small	82.9 µs → 82.2 µs (~)	93.4 µs → 94.4 µs (~)
`restore_alternate`	medium	86.8 µs → 85.6 µs (~)	97.9 µs → 98.8 µs (~)
`restore_alternate`	large	123 µs → 125 µs (~)	158 µs → 129 µs (~)

guest_calls

Benchmark	Size	MSHV	KVM
`call`	default	45.2 µs → 45.4 µs (~)	17.1 µs → 16.9 µs (~)
`call`	small	45.2 µs → 45.2 µs (~)	17.5 µs → 18.0 µs (~)
`call`	medium	45.4 µs → 45.0 µs (~)	17.5 µs → 17.5 µs (~)
`call`	large	44.7 µs → 45.2 µs (~)	17.6 µs → 17.5 µs (~)
`call_with_host_function`	default	75.2 µs → 73.5 µs (~)	34.5 µs → 31.9 µs (~)
`call_with_host_function`	small	74.1 µs → 74 µs (~)	34.7 µs → 33.4 µs (~)
`call_with_host_function`	medium	75.2 µs → 75.7 µs (~)	32.8 µs → 34.2 µs (~)
`call_with_host_function`	large	75.2 µs → 75.8 µs (~)	32.7 µs → 33.6 µs (~)
`call_with_restore`	default	133 µs → 148 µs (~)	62.9 µs → 62.5 µs (~)
`call_with_restore`	small	140 µs → 139 µs (~)	63.8 µs → 71.9 µs (~)
`call_with_restore`	medium	138 µs → 141 µs (~)	67.9 µs → 67.4 µs (~)
`call_with_restore`	large	166 µs → 166 µs (~)	89.1 µs → 89.8 µs (~)
`different_thread`	-	74 µs → 72.3 µs (~)	42.9 µs → 42.3 µs (~)
`interrupt_latency`	-	48.9 µs → 64.5 µs (~)	35.9 µs → 39.2 µs (~)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

Benchmark	Size	MSHV	KVM
`guest_call_with_large_parameters`	-	163 ms → 172 ms (~)	916 ms → 890 ms (~)

sample_workloads

Benchmark	Size	MSHV	KVM
`24K_in_8K_out_c`	-	56.5 µs → 57.5 µs (~)	27.6 µs → 27.6 µs (~)
`24K_in_8K_out_rust`	-	56.1 µs → 55.3 µs (~)	27.9 µs → 27.8 µs (~)

sandboxes

Benchmark	Size	MSHV	KVM
`create_initialized`	default	1.72 ms → 1.49 ms (−13%)	2.8 ms → 2.83 ms (~)
`create_initialized`	small	4.6 ms → 3.09 ms (−33%)	5.12 ms → 2.92 ms (−43%)
`create_initialized`	medium	11.8 ms → 5.93 ms (−50%)	9.81 ms → 3.11 ms (−68%)
`create_initialized`	large	38.5 ms → 11 ms (−71%)	28.8 ms → 3.59 ms (−88%)
`create_initialized_and_drop`	default	21.4 ms → 24.3 ms (~)	14.1 ms → 11 ms (~)
`create_initialized_and_drop`	small	28.9 ms → 25.9 ms (~)	13.3 ms → 15.7 ms (~)
`create_initialized_and_drop`	medium	31.5 ms → 28.3 ms (−10%)	24.3 ms → 14.8 ms (−39%)
`create_initialized_and_drop`	large	57.9 ms → 30.7 ms (−47%)	39.6 ms → 12.4 ms (−69%)
`sandbox_from_snapshot`	default	665 µs → 631 µs (−5%)	971 µs → 947 µs (~)
`sandbox_from_snapshot`	small	812 µs → 805 µs (~)	978 µs → 971 µs (~)
`sandbox_from_snapshot`	medium	2.02 ms → 2.04 ms (~)	1.01 ms → 999 µs (~)
`sandbox_from_snapshot`	large	6.06 ms → 6.16 ms (~)	1.22 ms → 1.21 ms (~)

snapshot_files

Benchmark	Size	MSHV	KVM
`cold_start_via_evolve`	default	1.61 ms → 1.58 ms (~)	2.96 ms → 3.05 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_evolve`	small	4.55 ms → 3.22 ms (~)	5.76 ms → 3.14 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_evolve`	medium	12.3 ms → 5.31 ms (~)	11 ms → 3.52 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_evolve`	large	38.8 ms → 10.7 ms (~)	29.1 ms → 4.24 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot`	default	1.97 ms → 2.01 ms (~)	2.85 ms → 2.73 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot`	small	8.93 ms → 9.13 ms (~)	8.95 ms → 8.9 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot`	medium	53.8 ms → 54 ms (~)	50.9 ms → 50.5 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot`	large	205 ms → 205 ms (~)	194 ms → 196 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified`	default	1.4 ms → 1.43 ms (~)	2.2 ms → 1.95 ms (−11%)
`cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified`	small	2.08 ms → 2.21 ms (~)	2.17 ms → 2.3 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified`	medium	3.59 ms → 3.52 ms (~)	2.25 ms → 2.1 ms (~)
`cold_start_via_snapshot_unverified`	large	7.73 ms → 7.67 ms (~)	2.59 ms → 2.34 ms (~)
`load_snapshot`	default	701 µs → 703 µs (~)	701 µs → 692 µs (~)
`load_snapshot`	small	6.71 ms → 6.63 ms (~)	6.68 ms → 6.56 ms (~)
`load_snapshot`	medium	50.4 ms → 50.3 ms (~)	48.8 ms → 48.3 ms (~)
`load_snapshot`	large	198 ms → 197 ms (~)	192 ms → 192 ms (~)
`load_snapshot_unverified`	default	112 µs → 116 µs (~)	123 µs → 130 µs (~)
`load_snapshot_unverified`	small	113 µs → 112 µs (~)	119 µs → 116 µs (~)
`load_snapshot_unverified`	medium	114 µs → 123 µs (~)	120 µs → 123 µs (~)
`load_snapshot_unverified`	large	118 µs → 122 µs (~)	125 µs → 127 µs (~)
`save_snapshot`	default	941 µs → 943 µs (~)	43.4 ms → 39.5 ms (~)
`save_snapshot`	small	9.09 ms → 9.11 ms (~)	61.5 ms → 52.2 ms (~)
`save_snapshot`	medium	69.6 ms → 67.7 ms (~)	402 ms → 396 ms (~)
`save_snapshot`	large	271 ms → 266 ms (~)	1.75 s → 1.74 s (~)

Copilot

🟡 Changes recommended

Lazy no-reserve allocations need aggregate admission or commitment accounting to prevent deferred host-wide OOM.

1 open finding

Add memory admission control for lazy large-heap allocations · New

What changed in this PR

Optimizes sandbox creation by constructing initial snapshot memory directly in shared memory and relying on lazy page population.

Changes:

Writes guest initialization data in place.
Freezes shared memory without copying.
Documents the performance improvement.

File	Description
`src/hyperlight_host/src/sandbox/snapshot/mod.rs`	Builds snapshots directly in shared memory.
`src/hyperlight_host/src/mem/shared_mem.rs`	Restricts the copying helper to tests and HVF.
`CHANGELOG.md`	Documents lazy memory population.

🧠 Review effort: Balanced

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Snapshot::from_env writes the guest code, PEB and init data straight into shared memory and freezes it. The host populates the remaining pages on first guest touch, so sandbox creation cost stays independent of heap size. Signed-off-by: Ludvig Liljenberg <4257730+ludfjig@users.noreply.github.com>

hyperlight-gh-bot · 2026-10-15T22:45:44Z

Benchmark Results

Measured commit: 421a4538a965
Baseline commit: fd719b974c9d

kvm / amd (Linux) (🌟 6.46x)

Top improvements

sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — 🌟 6.46x faster

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

	`encode_control`	`decode_vec_bytes_copy`
`byte_chunks`	`760.73 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)
`vec_bytes`	`589.73 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)
		`373.00 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)

payload_allocation

	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`528.41 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)
`65536`	`142.08 ns` (➖ 1.03x faster)

sandboxes

	`create_initialized_and_drop`
`medium`	`13.14 ms` (🌟 6.46x faster)

slot_pool

	`alloc_dealloc_1500`	`alloc_dealloc_4096`	`alloc_dealloc_128`
	`7.88 ns` (➖ 1.02x slower)	`7.97 ns` (➖ 1.03x slower)	`7.89 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)

snapshot_files

	`load_snapshot_unverified`
`small`	`117.79 µs` (➖ 1.03x slower)

virtq_readonly

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`7.19 µs` (➖ 1.02x faster)	`7.27 µs` (➖ 1.02x faster)
`65536`	`2.06 µs` (➖ 1.08x slower)	`1.92 µs` (➖ 1.09x faster)

virtq_readwrite

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`65536`	`6.36 µs` (➖ 1.03x faster)	`6.28 µs` (➖ 1.03x faster)
`8192`	`1.12 µs` (➖ 1.07x slower)	`1.06 µs` (➖ 1.04x faster)
`262144`		`27.73 µs` (➖ 1.02x slower)

kvm / intel (Linux) (🌟 5.49x)

Top improvements

sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — 🌟 5.49x faster
payload_allocation/slot_pool_segmented/262144 — ✅ 1.57x faster

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

	`encode_control`	`decode_vec_bytes_copy`
`byte_chunks`	`679.60 ns` (➖ 1.14x faster)
`vec_bytes`	`515.95 ns` (➖ 1.06x faster)
		`682.47 µs` (➖ 1.08x faster)

payload_allocation

	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`512.98 ns` (✅ 1.57x faster)
`65536`	`138.62 ns` (➖ 1.06x faster)

sandboxes

	`create_initialized_and_drop`
`medium`	`14.77 ms` (🌟 5.49x faster)

slot_pool

	`alloc_dealloc_1500`	`alloc_dealloc_4096`	`alloc_dealloc_128`
	`7.05 ns` (➖ 1.07x faster)	`7.00 ns` (➖ 1.04x faster)	`7.01 ns` (➖ 1.05x faster)

snapshot_files

	`load_snapshot_unverified`
`small`	`47.20 µs` (➖ 1.20x faster)

virtq_readonly

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`7.65 µs` (➖ 1.14x faster)	`7.72 µs` (➖ 1.13x faster)
`65536`	`2.19 µs` (➖ 1.10x faster)	`2.19 µs` (➖ 1.10x faster)

virtq_readwrite

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`65536`	`7.24 µs` (➖ 1.14x faster)	`7.15 µs` (➖ 1.13x faster)
`8192`	`782.08 ns` (➖ 1.09x faster)	`733.02 ns` (➖ 1.12x faster)
`262144`		`30.36 µs` (➖ 1.10x faster)

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (➖ stable)

No benchmark improved or regressed.

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

	`encode_control`	`decode_vec_bytes_copy`
`byte_chunks`	`926.92 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)
`vec_bytes`	`700.64 ns` (➖ 1.01x faster)
		`357.34 µs` (➖ 1.33x slower)

payload_allocation

	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`717.29 ns` (➖ 1.01x faster)
`65536`	`202.80 ns` (➖ 1.03x slower)

sandboxes

	`create_initialized_and_drop`
`medium`	`65.48 ms` (➖ 1.12x slower)

slot_pool

	`alloc_dealloc_1500`	`alloc_dealloc_4096`	`alloc_dealloc_128`
	`9.66 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)	`9.39 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)	`9.42 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)

snapshot_files

	`load_snapshot_unverified`
`small`	`104.72 µs` (➖ 1.02x faster)

virtq_readonly

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`9.98 µs` (➖ 1.03x faster)	`9.71 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)
`65536`	`2.45 µs` (➖ 1.00x faster)	`2.22 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)

virtq_readwrite

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`65536`	`9.58 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)	`8.20 µs` (➖ 1.25x faster)
`8192`	`1.25 µs` (➖ 1.04x faster)	`1.25 µs` (➖ 1.01x slower)
`262144`		`36.28 µs` (➖ 1.07x faster)

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (➖ stable)

No benchmark improved or regressed.

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

	`encode_control`	`decode_vec_bytes_copy`
`byte_chunks`	`917.59 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)
`vec_bytes`	`655.18 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)
		`756.69 µs` (➖ 1.19x slower)

payload_allocation

	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`648.01 ns` (➖ 1.00x slower)
`65536`	`171.69 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)

sandboxes

	`create_initialized_and_drop`
`medium`	`68.08 ms` (➖ 1.07x slower)

slot_pool

	`alloc_dealloc_1500`	`alloc_dealloc_4096`	`alloc_dealloc_128`
	`9.42 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)	`9.50 ns` (➖ 1.00x slower)	`9.28 ns` (➖ 1.00x faster)

snapshot_files

	`load_snapshot_unverified`
`small`	`53.15 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)

virtq_readonly

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`7.91 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)	`7.97 µs` (➖ 1.01x slower)
`65536`	`2.25 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)	`2.26 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)

virtq_readwrite

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`65536`	`7.74 µs` (➖ 1.03x slower)	`7.45 µs` (➖ 1.02x faster)
`8192`	`1.01 µs` (➖ 1.02x slower)	`944.35 ns` (➖ 1.03x slower)
`262144`		`37.68 µs` (➖ 1.05x faster)

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (🌟 8.51x)

Top improvements

sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — 🌟 8.51x faster

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

	`encode_control`	`decode_vec_bytes_copy`
`byte_chunks`	`1.20 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)
`vec_bytes`	`793.63 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)
		`1.84 ms` (➖ 1.16x faster)

payload_allocation

	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`783.49 ns` (➖ 1.10x faster)
`65536`	`235.04 ns` (➖ 1.01x faster)

sandboxes

	`create_initialized_and_drop`
`medium`	`11.42 ms` (🌟 8.51x faster)

slot_pool

	`alloc_dealloc_1500`	`alloc_dealloc_4096`	`alloc_dealloc_128`
	`11.22 ns` (➖ 1.08x slower)	`10.58 ns` (➖ 1.04x slower)	`10.69 ns` (➖ 1.03x slower)

snapshot_files

	`load_snapshot_unverified`
`small`	`1.00 ms` (➖ 1.21x slower)

virtq_readonly

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`9.21 µs` (➖ 1.03x faster)	`9.05 µs` (➖ 1.03x faster)
`65536`	`2.37 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)	`2.34 µs` (➖ 1.02x faster)

virtq_readwrite

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`65536`	`8.69 µs` (➖ 1.02x faster)	`8.93 µs` (➖ 1.01x slower)
`8192`	`1.32 µs` (➖ 1.04x faster)	`1.29 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)
`262144`		`38.44 µs` (➖ 1.03x faster)

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (🌟 7.34x)

Top improvements

sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — 🌟 7.34x faster

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

	`encode_control`	`decode_vec_bytes_copy`
`byte_chunks`	`1.18 µs` (➖ 1.04x faster)
`vec_bytes`	`762.53 ns` (➖ 1.05x faster)
		`2.80 ms` (➖ 1.01x faster)

payload_allocation

	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`723.49 ns` (➖ 1.03x faster)
`65536`	`212.78 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)

sandboxes

	`create_initialized_and_drop`
`medium`	`13.57 ms` (🌟 7.34x faster)

slot_pool

	`alloc_dealloc_1500`	`alloc_dealloc_4096`	`alloc_dealloc_128`
	`9.96 ns` (➖ 1.01x slower)	`9.89 ns` (➖ 1.11x faster)	`10.05 ns` (➖ 1.02x slower)

snapshot_files

	`load_snapshot_unverified`
`small`	`587.84 µs` (➖ 1.16x faster)

virtq_readonly

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`262144`	`7.82 µs` (➖ 1.03x slower)	`7.76 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)
`65536`	`2.54 µs` (➖ 1.10x slower)	`2.34 µs` (➖ 1.00x slower)

virtq_readwrite

	`slot_pool_segmented_fragmented`	`slot_pool_segmented`
`65536`	`8.49 µs` (➖ 1.05x faster)	`8.43 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)
`8192`	`1.12 µs` (➖ 1.12x faster)	`1.12 µs` (➖ 1.03x slower)
`262144`		`42.01 µs` (➖ 1.01x faster)

_{Reported by cargo ci bench-report --candidate run:38814039501 --config-file bench_report.toml.}

ludfjig added the kind/enhancement For PRs adding features, improving functionality, docs, tests, etc. label Oct 12, 2026

ludfjig requested review from andreiltd, danbugs, dblnz, devigned, jprendes, jsturtevant, simongdavies, squillace and syntactically as code owners October 12, 2026 20:01

ludfjig added this pull request to stack #1929 October 12, 2026 20:01

ludfjig mentioned this pull request Oct 12, 2026

Layered/incremental snapshots #1902

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Copilot AI balanced review requested due to automatic review settings October 13, 2026 18:56

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ludfjig dismissed andreiltd’s stale review via 421a453 October 15, 2026 22:00

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hyperlight-gh-bot Bot commented Oct 15, 2026

Benchmark Results

Top improvements

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

payload_allocation

sandboxes

slot_pool

snapshot_files

virtq_readonly

virtq_readwrite

Top improvements

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

payload_allocation

sandboxes

slot_pool

snapshot_files

virtq_readonly

virtq_readwrite

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

payload_allocation

sandboxes

slot_pool

snapshot_files

virtq_readonly

virtq_readwrite

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

payload_allocation

sandboxes

slot_pool

snapshot_files

virtq_readonly

virtq_readwrite

Top improvements

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

payload_allocation

sandboxes

slot_pool

snapshot_files

virtq_readonly

virtq_readwrite

Top improvements

Benchmark Results

function_call_codec

payload_allocation

sandboxes

slot_pool

snapshot_files

virtq_readonly

virtq_readwrite

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ludfjig commented Oct 12, 2026 •

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