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18 changes: 16 additions & 2 deletions content/glossary/_create_glossaries.py
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Expand Up @@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
import pandas as pd
import os
from io import StringIO
from pypinyin import lazy_pinyin, Style

script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
language_map = {
'EN': 'english',
'AR': 'arabic',
'CN': 'chinese',
'DE': 'german',
'TR': 'turkish',
}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -96,13 +98,15 @@ def fix_bare_urls_in_parens(text):
Skips URLs that are already inside a markdown link ([text](url)).
"""
# Match ( optional-prefix https://url ) but only when ( is NOT preceded by ]
# (which would mean it's already the URL part of [text](url))
# (which would mean it's already the URL part of [text](url)). The URL char
# class also excludes [ ] ( so the match can't run across an existing
# markdown link ([text](url)) and double-wrap it.
def _replace(m):
prefix = m.group(1) or ''
url = m.group(2)
return f'({prefix}[{url}]({url}))'

return re.sub(r'(?<!\])\(([^()]*?)(https?://[^\s)]+)\)', _replace, text)
return re.sub(r'(?<!\])\(([^()]*?)(https?://[^\s)\]\[(]+)\)', _replace, text)


def safe_get(row, column, default=""):
Expand All @@ -122,6 +126,16 @@ def sort_key_for_language(title, language_code):
# Map special chars so they sort just after their base char
key = key.replace('ç', 'cz').replace('ğ', 'gz').replace('ı', 'iz')
key = key.replace('ö', 'oz').replace('ş', 'sz').replace('ü', 'uz')
elif language_code == 'CN':
# Chinese audiences expect pinyin sort order. Sort by the Chinese part
# only (before the optional " [English Title]" suffix); pypinyin passes
# latin characters through, so titles that have no Chinese form still
# sort sensibly. Strip leading non-alphanumeric chars so titles that
# open with punctuation (e.g. "兄弟"… or 《…》) sort by their first
# real character's pinyin instead of jumping to the top of the list.
chinese_part = title.split(" [")[0]
key = "".join(lazy_pinyin(chinese_part, style=Style.NORMAL)).lower()
key = re.sub(r'^[^\w]+', '', key)
return key


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14,907 changes: 12,594 additions & 2,313 deletions content/glossary/_glossaries.json

Large diffs are not rendered by default.

5 changes: 1 addition & 4 deletions content/glossary/arabic/_index.md
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Expand Up @@ -18,10 +18,7 @@ type: "glossary"
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;">


<div class="btn-group flex-wrap text-center"><a href="/glossary/english" class="btn btn-primary py-2 m-1 btn-lg active" style="line-height:1;border-radius:6px">English</a>
<a href="/glossary/german" class="btn btn-primary py-2 m-1 btn-lg" style="line-height:1;border-radius:6px">Deutsch (German)</a>
<a href="/glossary/arabic" class="btn btn-primary py-2 m-1 btn-lg" style="line-height:1;border-radius:6px"> عربي (Arabic)</a>
<a href="/glossary/turkish" class="btn btn-primary py-2 m-1 btn-lg" style="line-height:1;border-radius:6px">Türkçe (Turkish)</a></div>
{{< glossary_language_switcher current="arabic" >}}

### لمحة عامّة

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"Many Labs",
"Multiverse analysis",
"Sensitivity analyses",
"Specification Curve Analysis **Alternative definition:** “Robustness refers to the stability of experimental conclusions to variations in either baseline assumptions or experimental procedures. It is somewhat related to the concept of generalizability (also known as transportability), which refers to the persistence of an effect in settings different from and outside of an experimental framework \\[...\\] Whether a study design is similar enough to the original to be considered a replication, a “robustness test,” or some of many variations of pure replication that have been identified, particularly in the social sciences (for example, conceptual replication, pseudoreplication), is an unsettled question” (Goodman et al., 2016)."
"Specification Curve Analysis"
],
"references": [
"Goodman, S. N., Fanelli, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016). What does research reproducibility mean? Science Translational Medicine, 8(341), 341ps12-341ps12. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf5027",
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/apc_رسوم_الن_شر.md
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"Bethan Iley",
"Flávio Azevedo",
"Robert Ross",
"Tobias Wingen \\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_\\_"
"Tobias Wingen"
],
"alt_related_terms": [
null
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"definition": "‏مجموعة من التَّراخيص لحقوق النَّشر المجانيَّة سهلة الاستخدام، حيث تحدِّد حقوق المؤلِّفين، ومستخدمي البيانات، والمواد المفتوحة بطريقة موحّدة. تُمكِّن تراخيص المشاع الإبداعي المؤلِّفين من مشاركة العمل المحمي بموجب قانون حقوق الطَّبع والنَّشر مع الجمهور، ويأتي في أشكال مختلفة مع بنود أكثر أو أقل. فعلى سبيل المثال: تتيح لك رخصة \"الإسناد-غير تجاري-المشاركة بالمثل 4.0 الدولية\" مشاركة المواد وتعديلها بشرط أن ينسب العمل للكُتّاب الأصليين، والإشارة إلى تغييرات إن وجدت، والمشاركة بموجب نفس التَّرخيص، وأن لا تستخدم المواد لأغراض تجاريَّة. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة**: ‏حقوق الطَّبع والنَّشر، التَّرخيص. **تعريف بديل:** (إن أمكن) المشاع الإبداعي هي منظمة دولية غير ربحية توفر تراخيص المشاع الإبداعي بهدف تقليل العقبات القانونية أمام مشاركة المعرفة والإبداع.",
"related_terms": [
"Copyright",
"Licence **Alternative definition:** (if applicable) Creative Commons is an international nonprofit organization that provides Creative Commons licences, with the goal to minimize legal obstacles to the sharing of knowledge and creativity."
"Licence"
],
"references": [
"Anon. (n.d.). About CC Licenses. Retrieved from https://creativecommons.org/about/cclicenses/"
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"P-hacking",
"Selective reporting",
"Statistical significance",
"Trim and fill **Alternative definition:** In the context of meta-analysis, publication bias “...occurs whenever the research that appears in the published literature is systematically unrepresentative of the population of completed studies. Simply put, when the research that is readily available differs in its results from the results of all the research that has been done in an area, readers and reviewers of that research are in danger of drawing the wrong conclusion about what that body of research shows.” (Rothstein et al., 2005, p. 1\\) **Related terms to alternative definition:** meta-analysis"
"Trim and fill",
"Meta-Analysis"
],
"references": [
"Dickersin, K., & Min, Y. (1993). Publication Bias: The Problem That Won’t Go Away. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 703(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26343.x",
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"Bayesian Inference",
"Model (computational)",
"Model (philosophy)",
"Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) **Alternative definition:** A mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data and is used to apply statistical analysis."
"Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)"
],
"references": [
"Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1954). The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits; a preliminary report. British Medical Journal, 1(4877), 1451–1455. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4877.1451"
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الاحتمال_العشوائي.md
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"Bradley Baker"
],
"reviewed_by": [
"Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir**;** Brett Gall",
"Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir",
"Brett Gall",
"Magdalena Grose-Hodge",
"Bethan Iley",
"Charlotte R. Pennington"
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"reviewed_by": [
"Leticia Micheli",
"Eliza Woodward",
"Julika Wolska**;** Gerald Vineyard",
"Julika Wolska",
"Gerald Vineyard",
"Yu-Fang Yang",
"Flávio Azevedo"
],
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/البحث_الن_وعي.md
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"Bracketing Interviews",
"Positionality",
"Quantitative research",
"Reflexivity **Alternative definition:** (if applicable) In Psychology, the **epistemology** of qualitative research is typically concerned with understanding people’s perspectives. Such epistemology proposes assuming the equity of researchers and participants as human beings, and in consequence, the need of sympathetic human understanding instead of data-driven conclusions"
"Reflexivity"
],
"references": [
"Aspers, P., & Corte, U. (2019). What is qualitative in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 42(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-9413-7",
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"definition": "بيانات مرتَّبة تجمع وتصف بيانات أخرى. تساعد البيانات الوصفيَّة في العثور على البيانات، وترتيبها وفهمها. تتضمَّن أمثلة البيانات الوصفيَّة على معلومات المنتج، والعنوان، والمساهمين، والكلمات المفتاحية والعلامات، بالإضافة إلى أي نوع من المعلومات اللَّازمة للتَّحقق وفهم نتائج الدِّراسات واستنتاجاتها مثل كتاب الرُّموز حول تسميات البيانات، والأوصاف، ونوع العيِّنة وطريقة جمع البيانات. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة**: بيانات، البيانات المفتوحة. تعريف بديل: (إن أمكن) بيانات حول البيانات.",
"related_terms": [
"Data",
"Open Data **Alternative definition:** (if applicable) Data about data"
"Open Data"
],
"references": [
"Gollwitzer, M., Abele-Brehm, A., Fiebach, C., Ramthun, R., Scheel, A. M., Schönbrodt, F. D., & Steinberg, U. (2020). Data Management and Data Sharing in Psychological Science: Revision of the DGPs Recommendations."
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"type": "glossary",
"title": "التَّأثير الأكاديميّ [Academic Impact]",
"sort_key": "التَّأثير الأكاديميّ [academic impact]",
"definition": "يشير هذا المصطلح إلى الإسهام الذي يحدثه النَّتاج البحثي، مثل: مقالة منشورة في التحوُّل المفاهيمي، وتطوير النَّظريات، والأساليب، والتَّطبيقات العمليَّة، سواء داخل التَّخصص المعرفي الواحد، أو عبر التَّخصُّصات المعرفيَّة المختلفة. ويدلُّ التَّأثير الأكاديمي كذلك على درجة التَّغيير الذي يحدثه أي نتاج، أو برنامج بحثي خارج المجال الأكاديمي، مثل التَّأثير الاجتماعي والاقتصادي. (راجع: [https://www.ukri.org/councils/esrc/impact-toolkit-for-economic-and-social-sciences/defining-impact/](https://www.ukri.org/councils/esrc/impact-toolkit-for-economic-and-social-sciences/defining-impact/)). **المصطلحات ذات الصّلة:** المستفيدين، **إعلان سان فرانسيسكو بشأن تقييم البحوث** ; REF",
"definition": "يشير هذا المصطلح إلى الإسهام الذي يحدثه النَّتاج البحثي، مثل: مقالة منشورة في التحوُّل المفاهيمي، وتطوير النَّظريات، والأساليب، والتَّطبيقات العمليَّة، سواء داخل التَّخصص المعرفي الواحد، أو عبر التَّخصُّصات المعرفيَّة المختلفة. ويدلُّ التَّأثير الأكاديمي كذلك على درجة التَّغيير الذي يحدثه أي نتاج، أو برنامج بحثي خارج المجال الأكاديمي، مثل التَّأثير الاجتماعي والاقتصادي. (راجع: [https://esrc.ukri.org/research/impact-toolkit/what-is-impact/](https://esrc.ukri.org/research/impact-toolkit/what-is-impact/)). **المصطلحات ذات الصّلة:** المستفيدين، **إعلان سان فرانسيسكو بشأن تقييم البحوث** ; REF",
"related_terms": [
"Beneficiaries",
"DORA",
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الت_شارك_العدائي.md
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"Aoife O’Mahony",
"Charlotte R. Pennington",
"Flávio Azevedo",
"Madeleine Pownall**;** Martin Vasilev"
"Madeleine Pownall",
"Martin Vasilev"
],
"alt_related_terms": [
null
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الت_شاركي_ة.md
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"definition": "يشير هذا المصطلح للملكيَّة المشتركة للنتائج والأساليب العلميَّة، وما يترتَّب على ذلك من ضرورة مشاركتها بحريّة. تؤمن التَّشاركيَّة بأنَّ كلَّ اكتشافٍ علميّ هو نتيجة جهد عدد من أفراد المجتمع، وبناءً عليه، فإنَّ على الباحثين مشاركة نتائج بحوثهم بشكل علني مع زملائهم. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة: ا**لمعايير الميرتونية، الموضوعيَّة. **تعريف بديل:** الاشتراكيَّة (Merton, 1942) تعتبر الطرق والنتائج العلمية في البحث ملكية عامة وإرثًا مشتركًا لذا فإنه من الضرورة ان يتشارك الجميع هذه الطرق والنتائج بحرية ومصداقية.",
"related_terms": [
"Mertonian norms",
"Objectivity **Alternative definition:** Communism (in Merton, 1942\\) **Related terms to alternative definition** (if applicable)"
"Objectivity"
],
"references": [
"Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., Devries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists’ subscription to norms of research. Journal of Higher Education, 81(3), 366–393. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095",
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الث_بات.md
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"Annalise A. LaPlume"
],
"reviewed_by": [
"Mahmoud Elsherif**;** Eduardo Garcia-Garzon",
"Mahmoud Elsherif",
"Eduardo Garcia-Garzon",
"Kai Krautter",
"Olmo van den Akker"
],
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],
"reviewed_by": [
"James E. Bartlett",
"Alexander Hart**;** Annalise A. LaPlume",
"Alexander Hart",
"Annalise A. LaPlume",
"Charlotte R. Pennington",
"Graham Reid",
"Timo Roettger",
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الص_دق_الد_اخلي.md
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"definition": "هو مؤشر على مدى كون نتائج دراسة ما تمثل التَّأثيرالحقيقي في مجتمع الدِّراسة المستهدف، وليست ناتجة عن متغيرات بحثيَّة دخيلة، مثل القصور في المنهجيَّة، وبعبارة أخرى: يعبّر الصِّدق الدَّاخلي عمَّا إذا كانت الأدلَّة المرصودة، أو التَّباين بين المتغيّرات المستقلة (المتنبِّئة) والمتغيِّرات التَّابعة (المحكية) ناتجة عن علاقة حقيقيَّة وليست نتيجة زائفة؛ بسبب الجوانب التي لا يمكن التَّحكُّم بها عند تصميم الدِّراسة. وبما أنَّ الأمر يتعلَّق بجودة الدِّراسة نفسها، يعدُّ الصِّدق الدَّاخلي أولويَّة في البحث العلمي. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة:** الصِّدق الخارجي، الصِّدق. **التَّعريف البديل:** في القياسات النَّفسيَّة، هو درجة الأدلَّة التي تؤكد على التَّناسق بين الهيكل الدَّاخلي؛ لاختبار قياس نفسي، وبنية البناء النَّفسي. **المصطلحات ذات الصِّلة بالتَّعريف البديل:** الصِّدق البنائي.",
"related_terms": [
"External validity",
"Validity"
"Validity",
"Construct validity"
],
"references": [
"Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1966). Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs. Rand McNally."
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"Leticia Micheli",
"Eliza Woodward",
"Julika Wolska",
"Gerald Vineyard**;** Yu-Fang Yang"
"Gerald Vineyard",
"Yu-Fang Yang"
],
"alt_related_terms": [
null
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الفرضي_ة.md
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"Ali H. Al-Hoorie",
"Mahmoud Elsherif",
"Helena Hartmann",
"Charlotte R. Pennington**;** Graham Reid",
"Charlotte R. Pennington",
"Graham Reid",
"Olly Robertson"
],
"alt_related_terms": [
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/الفرق_الحمراء.md
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],
"reviewed_by": [
"Nick Ballou",
"Mahmoud Elsherif**;** Thomas Rhys Evans",
"Mahmoud Elsherif",
"Thomas Rhys Evans",
"Helena Hartmann",
"Timo Roettger"
],
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"External Validity",
"Opportunistic sampling",
"Sampling bias",
"WEIRD **Alternative definition:** Applying modified materials and/or analysis pipelines to new data or samples to answer the same hypothesis (different materials, different data) to test how generalizable the effect under study is (The Turing Way Community & Scriberia, 2021). **Related terms to alternative definition:** (if applicable): Conceptual Replication"
"WEIRD"
],
"references": [
"Esterling, K., Brady, D., & Schwitzgebel, E. (2021). The Necessity of Construct and External Validity for Generalized Causal Claims. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/2s8w5.",
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion content/glossary/arabic/القو_ة_الإحصائي_ة.md
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"Sample size",
"Significance criterion (alpha)",
"Type I error",
"Type II error **Related terms to alternative definition:** Type II Error"
"Type II error"
],
"references": [
"Carter, A., Tilling, K., & Munafo, M. R. (2021). Considerations of sample size and power calculations given a range of analytical scenarios. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tcqrn",
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