ci: add GHA cache for Dockerfile/docker-publish.yml

[jescalada]

Description

Draft PR for further Dockerfile optimizations

Related Issue

From #1521 (review)

Checklist

General

• I have read the CONTRIBUTING.md guidelines
• Commit messages follow Conventional Commits format
• I have a FINOS CLA on file

[netlify]

✅ Deploy Preview for endearing-brigadeiros-63f9d0 canceled.

Name	Link
🔨 Latest commit	ba8a767
🔍 Latest deploy log	https://app.netlify.com/projects/endearing-brigadeiros-63f9d0/deploys/6a3604280120020008aba0cf

[github-actions]

Dependency Review

✅ No vulnerabilities or license issues or OpenSSF Scorecard issues found.

Scanned Files

None

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 85.51%. Comparing base (420ffeb) to head (ba8a767).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1606      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   85.38%   85.51%   +0.12%     
==========================================
  Files          83       83              
  Lines        7878     7878              
  Branches     1312     1312              
==========================================
+ Hits         6727     6737      +10     
+ Misses       1123     1114       -9     
+ Partials       28       27       -1     

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