test: enable pytest strict mode and fix duplicate parametrization ids

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -31,14 +31,3 @@ updates:
           - "*"
     cooldown:
       default-days: 7
-  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
-    directory: "/"
-    target-branch: "support/v2"
-    schedule:
-      interval: "weekly"
-    groups:
-      actions:
-        patterns:
-          - "*"
-    cooldown:
-      default-days: 7

.github/workflows/codspeed.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         version: '1.16.5'
     - name: Run the benchmarks
-      uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@63f3e98b61959fe67f146a3ff022e4136fe9bb9c # v4.17.6
+      uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@a4a36bb07c0638b0b4ca52bf1f3dad1b4289e52f # v4.18.1
       with:
           mode: walltime
           run: hatch run test.py3.12-minimal:pytest tests/benchmarks --codspeed

.github/workflows/downstream.yml

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
       # `meson-python: error: Unknown option "pixi-conda-environment"`, breaking
       # the job before any test runs. Tests that need a backend we don't install
       # are skipped via xarray's `requires_*` markers, not failed.
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.13'
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
           submodules: recursive
           persist-credentials: false
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.13'
 

.github/workflows/gpu_test.yml

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
         echo $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
         nvcc -V
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         cache: 'pip'

.github/workflows/hypothesis.yaml

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "HYPOTHESIS_PROFILE=ci" >> $GITHUB_ENV
         fi
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         cache: 'pip'
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
     # https://github.com/actions/cache/blob/main/tips-and-workarounds.md#update-a-cache
     - name: Restore cached hypothesis directory
       id: restore-hypothesis-cache
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
       with:
         path: .hypothesis/
         key: cache-hypothesis-${{ runner.os }}-${{ github.run_id }}
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Save cached hypothesis directory
       id: save-hypothesis-cache
       if: always() && steps.status.outcome != 'skipped'
-      uses: actions/cache/save@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+      uses: actions/cache/save@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
       with:
         path: .hypothesis/
         key: cache-hypothesis-${{ runner.os }}-${{ github.run_id }}
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ jobs:
         && steps.status.outcome == 'failure'
         && github.event_name == 'schedule'
         && github.repository_owner == 'zarr-developers'
-      uses: scientific-python/issue-from-pytest-log-action@8e905db353437cda1d6a773de245343fbfc940dd # v1.5.0
+      uses: scientific-python/issue-from-pytest-log-action@87351a8f864e969567cda22a25a2f214cbe2340f # v1.6.0
       with:
         log-path: output-${{ matrix.python-version }}-log.jsonl
         issue-title: "Nightly Hypothesis tests failed"

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
       - name: Set up Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.12"
       - name: Install uv
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@fac544c07dec837d0ccb6301d7b5580bf5edae39 # v8.2.0
         with:
           enable-cache: true
-      - uses: j178/prek-action@bdca6f102f98e2b4c7029491a53dfd366469e33d # v2.0.4
+      - uses: j178/prek-action@e98a699c41eb69ab013a45817a0406469a748f8d # v2.0.5

.github/workflows/nightly_wheels.yml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
           persist-credentials: false
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
         name: Install Python
         with:
           python-version: '3.14'

.github/workflows/releases.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
           persist-credentials: false
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
         name: Install Python
         with:
           python-version: '3.12'
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ jobs:
           name: releases
           path: dist
       - name: Generate artifact attestation
-        uses: actions/attest@59d89421af93a897026c735860bf21b6eb4f7b26 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest@a1948c3f048ba23858d222213b7c278aabede763 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-path: dist/*
       - name: Publish package to PyPI

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
         fetch-depth: 0  # grab all branches and tags
         persist-credentials: false
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         cache: 'pip'
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ jobs:
         fetch-depth: 0
         persist-credentials: false
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         cache: 'pip'
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ jobs:
         fetch-depth: 0 # required for hatch version discovery, which is needed for numcodecs.zarr3
         persist-credentials: false
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
       with:
         python-version: '3.13'
         cache: 'pip'
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ jobs:
         fetch-depth: 0
         persist-credentials: false
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+      uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
       with:
         python-version: '3.13'
         cache: 'pip'

.github/workflows/zarr-metadata-release.yml

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
           path: dist
 
       - name: Generate artifact attestation
-        uses: actions/attest@59d89421af93a897026c735860bf21b6eb4f7b26 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest@a1948c3f048ba23858d222213b7c278aabede763 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-path: dist/*
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ jobs:
           path: dist
 
       - name: Generate artifact attestation
-        uses: actions/attest@59d89421af93a897026c735860bf21b6eb4f7b26 # v4.1.0
+        uses: actions/attest@a1948c3f048ba23858d222213b7c278aabede763 # v4.1.1
         with:
           subject-path: dist/*
 

.github/workflows/zizmor.yml

@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ jobs:
           persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Run zizmor
-        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@5f14fd08f7cf1cb1609c1e344975f152c7ee938d # v0.5.6
+        uses: zizmorcore/zizmor-action@192e21d79ab29983730a13d1382995c2307fbcaa # v0.5.7

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ default_language_version:
 
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.15.15
+    rev: v0.15.20
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-check
         args: ["--fix", "--show-fixes"]
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ repos:
         always_run: true
         types_or: [python, pyi]
   - repo: https://github.com/scientific-python/cookie
-    rev: 2026.04.04
+    rev: 2026.06.18
     hooks:
       - id: sp-repo-review
   - repo: https://github.com/numpy/numpydoc
-    rev: v1.10.0
+    rev: v1.11.0rc0
     hooks:
       - id: numpydoc-validation
   - repo: local
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ repos:
         types: [python]
         files: ^(src|tests)/
   - repo: https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.25.2
+    rev: v1.26.1
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
   - repo: https://github.com/twisted/towncrier

README.md

@@ -4,97 +4,14 @@
 
 # Zarr
 
-<table>
-<tr>
-  <td>Latest Release</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://pypi.org/project/zarr/">
-    <img src="https://badge.fury.io/py/zarr.svg" alt="latest release" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td></td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://anaconda.org/anaconda/zarr/">
-    <img src="https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/zarr/badges/version.svg" alt="latest release" />
-    </a>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Package Status</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://pypi.org/project/zarr/">
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/status/zarr.svg" alt="status" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>License</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/blob/main/LICENSE.txt">
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/zarr.svg" alt="license" />
-    </a>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Build Status</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/blob/main/.github/workflows/python-package.yml">
-    <img src="https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/actions/workflows/python-package.yml/badge.svg" alt="build status" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Pre-commit Status</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/blob/main/.pre-commit-config.yaml">
-    <img src="https://results.pre-commit.ci/badge/github/zarr-developers/zarr-python/main.svg" alt="pre-commit status" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Coverage</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://codecov.io/gh/zarr-developers/zarr-python">
-    <img src="https://codecov.io/gh/zarr-developers/zarr-python/branch/main/graph/badge.svg" alt="coverage" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Downloads</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://zarr.readthedocs.io">
-    <img src="https://pepy.tech/badge/zarr" alt="pypi downloads" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Developer Chat</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://ossci.zulipchat.com/#narrow/channel/423692-Zarr-Python">
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Funding</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://chanzuckerberg.com/eoss/">
-    <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/funded%20by-EOSS-FF414B.svg?logo=data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="CZI's Essential Open Source Software for Science" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-  <td>Citation</td>
-  <td>
-    <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773450">
-    <img src="https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.3773450.svg" alt="DOI" />
-    </a>
-  </td>
-</tr>
-
-</table>
+[![Latest Release](https://badge.fury.io/py/zarr.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/zarr/)
+[![CondaForge](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/zarr/badges/version.svg)](https://anaconda.org/anaconda/zarr/)
+[![Package Status](https://img.shields.io/pypi/status/zarr.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/zarr/)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/zarr.svg)](https://github.com/zarr-developers/zarr-python/blob/main/LICENSE.txt)
+[![Coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/zarr-developers/zarr-python/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/zarr-developers/zarr-python)
+[![Downloads](https://pepy.tech/badge/zarr)](https://zarr.readthedocs.io)
+[![Developer Chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg)](https://ossci.zulipchat.com/#narrow/channel/423692-Zarr-Python)
+[![Citation](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.3773450.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3773450)
 
 ## What is it?
 

changes/215.misc.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Enable pytest's `strict = true` config option (strict config, markers, xfail, and parametrization ids), replacing the `--strict-config`/`--strict-markers` addopts flags that pytest silently ignored before 9.1, and fix the seven duplicate parametrization ids it surfaced — including restoring float-JSON roundtrip cases that were meant to cover numpy scalars but ran plain-float cases twice instead. Also arm pytest's faulthandler watchdog (`faulthandler_timeout = 600` with `faulthandler_exit_on_timeout`) so a deadlocked test dumps every thread's traceback and fails the run instead of hanging indefinitely.

changes/3009.doc.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Document the changes to `zarr.errors` in the 3.0 migration guide, including the removal of v2 exception classes and the introduction of `NodeNotFoundError`.

changes/3984.doc.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Clarify the difference between `zarr.load` and `zarr.open` in their docstrings.
+`load` eagerly reads data into an in-memory array, while `open` returns a
+lazy `Array` or `Group` backed by the store, with `See Also` cross-references
+linking the two.

changes/4116.bugfix.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fixed writing Fortran-ordered (F-contiguous) arrays through the variable-length string and bytes codecs and through numcodecs array-array filters such as `Delta`, `FixedScaleOffset` and `PackBits`. Chunks are now passed to numcodecs as C-contiguous arrays, so elements are no longer stored in transposed order.

changes/4132.doc.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Fixed many documentation errors found in a full review of the user guide, including
+prose contradicted by rendered example output on the performance page, invisible
+code blocks, an incorrect S3 example, stale "not yet implemented" claims in the
+v3 migration guide, and undocumented optional dependency groups. Also improved
+navigation order, cross-linking between pages, and coverage of group member
+enumeration, bulk attribute updates, and the `use_consolidated` keyword.

changes/4133.doc.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fixed the documented default of ``max_age_seconds`` in the ``CacheStore`` docstring: the default is ``"infinity"`` (no expiration), not ``None``, which is rejected. Also noted that ``cache_store`` must support deletes.

changes/4138.misc.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Pass a list rather than a generator to `pytest.mark.parametrize` in `tests/test_docs.py`, so the test suite collects cleanly under pytest 9.1 (which deprecates non-Collection iterables and, under `filterwarnings = error`, turns that into a collection error).

docs/api/zarr/abc/index.md

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
-## Abstract base classes
+---
+title: zarr.abc
+---
 
-- **[buffer](./buffer.md)** - Providing access to underlying memory via [buffers](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html)
-- **[codec](./codec.md)** - Expressing [zarr codecs](https://zarr-specs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/v3/core/index.html#chunk-encoding)
-- **[metadata](./metadata.md)** - Creating metadata classes compatible with the Zarr API
-- **[numcodec](./numcodec.md)** - Protocols and classes for modeling codec interface used by numcodecs
-- **[store](./store.md)** - ABC for implementing Zarr stores and managing getting and setting bytes in a store
+# zarr.abc
+
+Abstract base classes for extending Zarr-Python.
+
+- **[zarr.abc.buffer](./buffer.md)** - Providing access to underlying memory via [buffers](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html)
+- **[zarr.abc.codec](./codec.md)** - Expressing [zarr codecs](https://zarr-specs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/v3/core/index.html#chunk-encoding)
+- **[zarr.abc.metadata](./metadata.md)** - Creating metadata classes compatible with the Zarr API
+- **[zarr.abc.numcodec](./numcodec.md)** - Protocols and classes for modeling codec interface used by numcodecs
+- **[zarr.abc.store](./store.md)** - ABC for implementing Zarr stores and managing getting and setting bytes in a store

docs/api/zarr/api/index.md

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 ---
-title: API
+title: zarr.api
 ---
 
+# zarr.api
+
 Zarr provides both an [async](./asynchronous.md) and a [sync](./synchronous.md) API. See those pages for more details.

docs/api/zarr/buffer/index.md

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+---
+title: zarr.buffer
+---
+
 Zarr provides buffer classes for both the [cpu](./cpu.md) and [gpu](./gpu.md). Generic buffer functionality is also detailed below.
 
 ::: zarr.buffer