[FLINK-39309][runtime] Check terminated applications for duplication

[eemario]

What is the purpose of the change

This pull request fixes a missing validation that prevented the detection of duplicate terminated applications during submission and recovery.

Brief change log

• Implement duplicate detection for terminated applications during submission.
• Automatically shut down the cluster in Application Mode if the target application is already terminated.

Verifying this change

Please make sure both new and modified tests in this PR follow the conventions for tests defined in our code quality guide.

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Added tests in DispatcherApplicationTest that verify duplicate detection logic for terminated applications
• Added test coverage for utility methods in ApplicationResultStore and ApplicationStatus
• Manually verified the change by running a standalone cluster, re-submitting an application with an ID matching a terminated one and confirming that the expected exception is thrown

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 6f563b9 Azure: SUCCESS
• 8793872 Azure: PENDING

Bot commands

The @flinkbot bot supports the following commands:

• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build