GH-48591: [C++] Remove some bit utils from bit_utils.h and replace them with C++ 20 built in functions

[Anakin100100]

Rationale for this change

Before C++ 20 there was no built in implementation for many common bit operations utilities included in the stdlib so they were implemented in bit_utils.h. Now that they are included in the stdlib they should be removed from bit_utils to decrease the amount of code that needs to be maintained as described in #48591

What changes are included in this PR?

IsPowerOf2, PopCount, CountLeadingZeros, CountTrailingZeros, NumRequiredBits are removed from bit_utils and replaced with their equivalents from bit.h i.e. has_single_bit, popcount, countl_zero, countr_zero and bit_width.

Are these changes tested?

No new code is introduced and the stdlib implementation maintains parity with the replaced functions so no new unit tests are necessary.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

• GitHub Issue: [C++] C++20: use standard bit utils #48591

[Anakin100100]

@pitrou I saw that someone started working on this a month ago but the work has stalled since so I went on and implemented the feedback mentioned in #49298.

[pitrou]

Thanks @Anakin100100 ! Let's let CI run before proceeding any further :-)

[pitrou]

@github-actions crossbow submit cran

[github-actions]

Revision: 93de06e

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-c818e09dc6

Task	Status
test-r-alpine-linux-cran
test-r-linux-as-cran
test-r-macos-as-cran

[Anakin100100]

@pitrou Can you approve a workflow rerun? It should run fine this time

[pitrou]

@kou It seems the Ruby bindings are still built with C++17 instead of C++20, is that right?
https://github.com/apache/arrow/actions/runs/22077222029/job/63862847964?pr=49298#step:11:53

bundle exec rake test
cd /Users/runner/work/arrow/arrow/ruby/red-arrow
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/ruby@3.3/3.3.10/bin/ruby test/run-test.rb
cd /Users/runner/work/arrow/arrow/ruby/red-arrow
checking --enable-debug-build option... yes
checking C++ compiler... clang++
checking g++ version... 17 (gnu++17)

[pitrou]

@github-actions crossbow submit cran

[pitrou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[pitrou]

@Anakin100100 Thanks for doing those proactive fixes!

[github-actions]

Revision: 70e9749

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-0270f7bfd5

Task	Status
test-r-alpine-linux-cran
test-r-linux-as-cran
test-r-macos-as-cran

[github-actions]

Revision: 70e9749

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-8de87fedb7

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-debian-13-cpp-amd64
test-debian-13-cpp-i386
test-debian-experimental-cpp-gcc-15
test-fedora-42-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer