feat(rust/core): add async traits

[if0ne]

It’s not a duplicate of #3714. It’s actually part of #3714 and adds async traits for Driver, Database, Connection, and Statement.

For now, I’ve excluded the DataFusion driver. We need a new version of DataFusion that supports arrow crates version 58.

UPD: I'm waiting for the DataFusion release with these changes: apache/datafusion#19728

[if0ne]

@lidavidm @eitsupi

Should we raise the minimum supported version for the arrow crates to 58.0.0 if we want to use the async feature from arrow?

[eitsupi]

I suppose you want to mean apache/arrow-rs#9166.
If we use this, it seems that we will definitely need to select arrow 58.0.0 or later.

[lidavidm]

Is it possible in Cargo.toml to only enforce the higher minimum version when the async feature is enabled, and leave it lower otherwise?

That said, I don't think I object in general to requiring a newer Arrow, but I'm not sure if users would find that inconvenient. I would think people try to use the newest versions where possible, so maybe it's not a big issue?

[if0ne]

Is it possible in Cargo.toml to only enforce the higher minimum version when the async feature is enabled, and leave it lower otherwise?

As far as I know, it is not possible.