diff --git a/src/core/CoreNode.test.ts b/src/core/CoreNode.test.ts
index 6ed1235..167fa5e 100644
--- a/src/core/CoreNode.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/CoreNode.test.ts
@@ -1712,4 +1712,169 @@ describe('set color()', () => {
       expect(node.isRenderable).toBe(true);
     });
   });
+
+  describe('texture ownership cache', () => {
+    // Same shape as the placeholderColor texture fake: a real EventEmitter so
+    // loadTextureTask subscribes and we can drive freed/loaded by emitting.
+    function emittingTexture(state: string): ImageTexture & {
+      emit: (event: string, data?: unknown) => void;
+    } {
+      return Object.assign(new EventEmitter(), {
+        state,
+        preventCleanup: false,
+        retryCount: 0,
+        maxRetryCount: 1,
+        dimensions: { w: 100, h: 100 },
+        setRenderableOwner: vi.fn(),
+      }) as unknown as ImageTexture & {
+        emit: (event: string, data?: unknown) => void;
+      };
+    }
+
+    function visibleNode(): CoreNode {
+      const parent = new CoreNode(stage, defaultProps());
+      parent.globalTransform = Matrix3d.identity();
+      parent.worldAlpha = 1;
+
+      const node = new CoreNode(stage, defaultProps({ parent }));
+      node.alpha = 1;
+      node.x = 0;
+      node.y = 0;
+      node.w = 100;
+      node.h = 100;
+      return node;
+    }
+
+    const flushMicrotasks = () => Promise.resolve();
+
+    it('repeated updates with unchanged state call setRenderableOwner once', () => {
+      const node = visibleNode();
+      const texture = emittingTexture('loaded');
+      node.texture = texture;
+      node.textureLoaded = true;
+
+      // The texture setter registers ownership with the node's current
+      // isRenderable (false here), so the cache starts false.
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        false,
+      );
+
+      node.update(0, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+
+      // Steady-state scroll: ownership unchanged, no further calls.
+      node.update(1, clippingRect);
+      node.update(2, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    });
+
+    it('moving out of bounds releases ownership once, returning re-adds', () => {
+      const node = visibleNode();
+      const texture = emittingTexture('loaded');
+      node.texture = texture;
+      node.textureLoaded = true;
+
+      node.update(0, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+      const callsAfterFirstUpdate = (
+        texture.setRenderableOwner as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+      ).mock.calls.length;
+
+      // Out of the 200x200 stage bounds entirely.
+      node.x = 1000;
+      node.update(1, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(
+        callsAfterFirstUpdate + 1,
+      );
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        false,
+      );
+
+      // Still out of bounds: no repeated release.
+      node.update(2, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(
+        callsAfterFirstUpdate + 1,
+      );
+
+      // Back in view: re-registered exactly once.
+      node.x = 0;
+      node.update(3, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(
+        callsAfterFirstUpdate + 2,
+      );
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('swapping textures releases the old owner and registers the new one', () => {
+      const node = visibleNode();
+      const textureA = emittingTexture('loaded');
+      node.texture = textureA;
+      node.textureLoaded = true;
+      node.update(0, clippingRect);
+      expect(textureA.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+
+      const textureB = emittingTexture('loaded');
+      node.texture = textureB;
+
+      // A is released via unloadTexture.
+      expect(textureA.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        false,
+      );
+      // B is registered with the node's current renderable state (true),
+      // proving the cache reset on swap — a stale cache would skip this.
+      expect(textureB.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('freed texture is re-registered on the next update (reload trigger)', async () => {
+      const node = visibleNode();
+      const texture = emittingTexture('initial');
+      node.texture = texture;
+      node.update(0, clippingRect);
+
+      await flushMicrotasks();
+      (texture as { state: string }).state = 'loaded';
+      texture.emit('loaded', { w: 100, h: 100 });
+      node.update(1, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+
+      // Memory manager frees the texture: the node must drop ownership...
+      (texture as { state: string }).state = 'freed';
+      texture.emit('freed');
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        false,
+      );
+
+      // ...and the next update pass re-adds it, which is what triggers
+      // Texture.load() for the reload. A stale cache would skip this call.
+      node.update(2, clippingRect);
+      expect(texture.setRenderableOwner).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(
+        expect.anything(),
+        true,
+      );
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/core/CoreNode.ts b/src/core/CoreNode.ts
index 946a5d1..4d5e2f5 100644
--- a/src/core/CoreNode.ts
+++ b/src/core/CoreNode.ts
@@ -829,6 +829,14 @@ export class CoreNode extends EventEmitter {
   private hasColorProps = false;
   public textureLoaded = false;
 
+  /**
+   * Last ownership value sent to the current texture via
+   * {@link updateTextureOwnership}. Per (node, texture) pair — must reset to
+   * `false` whenever the texture is swapped or released, or a stale `true`
+   * would skip the re-registration that triggers `Texture.load()`.
+   */
+  private textureOwnership = false;
+
   /**
    * True while this node should render its `placeholderColor` instead of its
    * texture: `placeholderColor` is non-zero, a texture is set, and that
@@ -1085,6 +1093,7 @@ export class CoreNode extends EventEmitter {
     texture.off('failed', this.onTextureFailed);
     texture.off('freed', this.onTextureFreed);
     texture.setRenderableOwner(this._id, false);
+    this.textureOwnership = false;
   }
 
   protected onTextureLoaded: TextureLoadedEventHandler = (_, dimensions) => {
@@ -1918,6 +1927,10 @@ export class CoreNode extends EventEmitter {
    * Changes the renderable state of the node.
    */
   updateTextureOwnership(isRenderable: boolean) {
+    if (this.textureOwnership === isRenderable) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.textureOwnership = isRenderable;
     this.texture?.setRenderableOwner(this._id, isRenderable);
   }
 
@@ -3100,6 +3113,7 @@ export class CoreNode extends EventEmitter {
         this.autosizer.setMode(AutosizeMode.Texture); // Set to texture size mode
       }
       value.setRenderableOwner(this._id, this.isRenderable);
+      this.textureOwnership = this.isRenderable;
       this.loadTexture();
     }
 
diff --git a/src/core/CoreTextNode.ts b/src/core/CoreTextNode.ts
index ba3e4c0..4d33db9 100644
--- a/src/core/CoreTextNode.ts
+++ b/src/core/CoreTextNode.ts
@@ -266,8 +266,9 @@ export class CoreTextNode extends CoreNode implements CoreTextNodeProps {
         this.setRenderable(false);
 
         if (this.renderState > CoreNodeRenderState.OutOfBounds) {
-          // We do want the texture to load immediately
-          this.texture.setRenderableOwner(this._id, true);
+          // We do want the texture to load immediately. Routed through
+          // updateTextureOwnership so the ownership cache stays in sync.
+          this.updateTextureOwnership(true);
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.test.ts b/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.test.ts
index f5692de..72af373 100644
--- a/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.test.ts
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ function freedCachedTexture(cacheKey: string): Texture & {
     state: 'freed',
     type: TextureType.image,
     preventCleanup: false,
-    renderableOwners: [],
+    renderableOwners: new Set<string | number>(),
     cacheKey,
     free: vi.fn(),
     destroy: vi.fn(),
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ describe('TextureMemoryManager — orphaned freed texture eviction', () => {
   it('keeps a freed texture that still has renderable owners', () => {
     const { mgr, keyCache } = makeManager();
     const texture = freedCachedTexture('img:poster.png');
-    (texture.renderableOwners as unknown[]).push(1);
+    texture.renderableOwners.add(1);
     keyCache.set('img:poster.png', texture);
 
     mgr.cleanup();
diff --git a/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.ts b/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.ts
index 7f95f89..078f3df 100644
--- a/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.ts
+++ b/src/core/TextureMemoryManager.ts
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ export class TextureMemoryManager {
       if (
         evictable === true &&
         texture.preventCleanup === false &&
-        texture.renderableOwners.length === 0 &&
+        texture.renderableOwners.size === 0 &&
         texture.hasListeners() === false
       ) {
         this.destroyTexture(texture);
diff --git a/src/core/textures/SubTexture.ts b/src/core/textures/SubTexture.ts
index ec0ffbf..a5b546a 100644
--- a/src/core/textures/SubTexture.ts
+++ b/src/core/textures/SubTexture.ts
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ export class SubTexture extends Texture {
     // Resolve parent texture from cache or fallback to provided texture
     this.parentTexture = txManager.resolveParentTexture(this.props.texture);
 
-    if (this.renderableOwners.length > 0) {
+    if (this.renderableOwners.size > 0) {
       this.parentTexture.setRenderableOwner(this.subtextureId, true);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/core/textures/Texture.test.ts b/src/core/textures/Texture.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4200ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/textures/Texture.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { Texture, type TextureData } from './Texture.js';
+import type { CoreTextureManager } from '../CoreTextureManager.js';
+
+class TestTexture extends Texture {
+  override async getTextureSource(): Promise<TextureData> {
+    return { data: null };
+  }
+}
+
+function makeTexture(): {
+  texture: TestTexture;
+  loadTexture: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  onChangeIsRenderable: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+} {
+  const loadTexture = vi.fn();
+  const txManager = {
+    maxRetryCount: 3,
+    loadTexture,
+  } as unknown as CoreTextureManager;
+  const texture = new TestTexture(txManager);
+  const onChangeIsRenderable = vi.fn();
+  texture.onChangeIsRenderable = onChangeIsRenderable;
+  return { texture, loadTexture, onChangeIsRenderable };
+}
+
+describe('Texture.setRenderableOwner', () => {
+  it('adding an owner fires the 0→1 transition exactly once and loads', () => {
+    const { texture, loadTexture, onChangeIsRenderable } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(1);
+    expect(texture.renderable).toBe(true);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true);
+    expect(loadTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('double-add of the same owner is a no-op (size stays 1, one event)', () => {
+    const { texture, loadTexture, onChangeIsRenderable } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(1);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(loadTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('a second distinct owner does not re-fire the transition', () => {
+    const { texture, loadTexture, onChangeIsRenderable } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(2, true);
+
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(2);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(loadTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('removing a non-member owner does not fire a transition', () => {
+    const { texture, onChangeIsRenderable } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, false);
+
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(0);
+    expect(texture.renderable).toBe(false);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('1→0 fires onChangeIsRenderable(false) exactly once', () => {
+    const { texture, onChangeIsRenderable } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, false);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, false);
+
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(0);
+    expect(texture.renderable).toBe(false);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(onChangeIsRenderable).toHaveBeenLastCalledWith(false);
+  });
+
+  it('re-adding an owner after 1→0 triggers load again (freed→reload cycle)', () => {
+    const { texture, loadTexture } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, false);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+
+    expect(texture.renderable).toBe(true);
+    expect(loadTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  });
+
+  it('string and number owners coexist (node ids vs subtexture/font keys)', () => {
+    const { texture } = makeTexture();
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(7, true);
+    texture.setRenderableOwner('subtexture-7', true);
+
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(2);
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(7, false);
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(1);
+    expect(texture.renderable).toBe(true);
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner('subtexture-7', false);
+    expect(texture.renderableOwners.size).toBe(0);
+    expect(texture.renderable).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('canBeCleanedUp respects remaining owners', () => {
+    const { texture } = makeTexture();
+    // Skip the startup grace period so owners are the deciding factor.
+    texture.isWithinStartupGracePeriod = () => false;
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, true);
+    expect(texture.canBeCleanedUp()).toBe(false);
+
+    texture.setRenderableOwner(1, false);
+    expect(texture.canBeCleanedUp()).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/textures/Texture.ts b/src/core/textures/Texture.ts
index dcfd5f7..3f85b0f 100644
--- a/src/core/textures/Texture.ts
+++ b/src/core/textures/Texture.ts
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ export abstract class Texture extends EventEmitter {
   // aggregate state
   public state: TextureState = 'initial';
 
-  readonly renderableOwners: any[] = [];
+  readonly renderableOwners: Set<string | number> = new Set();
 
   readonly renderable: boolean = false;
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ export abstract class Texture extends EventEmitter {
     }
 
     // Don't cleanup if there are still renderable owners
-    if (this.renderableOwners.length > 0) {
+    if (this.renderableOwners.size > 0) {
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -274,28 +274,25 @@ export abstract class Texture extends EventEmitter {
    * @param renderable
    */
   setRenderableOwner(owner: string | number, renderable: boolean): void {
-    const oldSize = this.renderableOwners.length;
-    const hasOwnerIndex = this.renderableOwners.indexOf(owner);
+    const owners = this.renderableOwners;
 
     if (renderable === true) {
-      if (hasOwnerIndex === -1) {
-        // Add the owner to the set
-        this.renderableOwners.push(owner);
+      if (owners.has(owner) === true) {
+        return;
       }
 
-      const newSize = this.renderableOwners.length;
-      if (oldSize !== newSize && newSize === 1) {
+      owners.add(owner);
+      if (owners.size === 1) {
         (this.renderable as boolean) = true;
         this.onChangeIsRenderable?.(true);
         this.load();
       }
     } else {
-      if (hasOwnerIndex !== -1) {
-        this.renderableOwners.splice(hasOwnerIndex, 1);
+      if (owners.delete(owner) === false) {
+        return;
       }
 
-      const newSize = this.renderableOwners.length;
-      if (oldSize !== newSize && newSize === 0) {
+      if (owners.size === 0) {
         (this.renderable as boolean) = false;
         this.onChangeIsRenderable?.(false);
 
diff --git a/src/main-api/Inspector.ts b/src/main-api/Inspector.ts
index 652915a..b8aae5a 100644
--- a/src/main-api/Inspector.ts
+++ b/src/main-api/Inspector.ts
@@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ export class Inspector {
     // Update renderable owners count
     div.setAttribute(
       'data-texture-owners',
-      String(texture.renderableOwners.length),
+      String(texture.renderableOwners.size),
     );
 
     // Update retry count