core_float_math: Move functions to math folder

When these functions were added in
#138087
It made a relatively common pattern for emulating
these functions using an extension trait (which
internally uses `libm`) much more fragile.
If `core::f32` happened to be imported by the user
(to access a constant, say), then that import in
the module namespace would take precedence over
`f32` in the type namespace for resolving these
functions, running headfirst into the stability
attribute.

We ran into this in Color -
https://github.com/linebender/color - and chose to
release the remedial 0.3.1 and 0.2.4, to allow
downstream crates to build on `docs.rs`.
As these methods are perma-unstable, moving them
into a new module should not have any long-term
concerns, and ensures that this breakage doesn't
adversely impact anyone else.

Author: DJMcNab