diff --git a/mypy/nativeparse.py b/mypy/nativeparse.py
index d048e9bce65e..83e2163c65d9 100644
--- a/mypy/nativeparse.py
+++ b/mypy/nativeparse.py
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     read_str_opt,
     read_tag,
 )
+from mypy.errors import CompileError
 from mypy.nodes import (
     ARG_KINDS,
     ARG_POS,
@@ -164,6 +165,53 @@
 # There is no way to create reasonable fallbacks at this stage,
 # they must be patched later.
 _dummy_fallback: Final = Instance(MISSING_FALLBACK, [], -1)
+_AST_SERIALIZE_REQUIREMENT: Final = "ast-serialize>=0.5.0,<1.0.0"
+_AST_SERIALIZE_MIN_VERSION: Final = (0, 5, 0)
+_AST_SERIALIZE_MAX_VERSION: Final = (1, 0, 0)
+
+
+def _parse_ast_serialize_version(version: str) -> tuple[int, int, int] | None:
+    release = version.split("+", 1)[0].split("-", 1)[0]
+    components = release.split(".")
+    if len(components) > 3:
+        components = components[:3]
+
+    parts: list[int] = []
+    for component in components:
+        if not component.isdigit():
+            return None
+        parts.append(int(component))
+
+    while len(parts) < 3:
+        parts.append(0)
+    return parts[0], parts[1], parts[2]
+
+
+def _validate_ast_serialize_version() -> None:
+    from importlib import metadata
+
+    try:
+        version = metadata.version("ast-serialize")
+    except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+        return
+
+    parsed_version = _parse_ast_serialize_version(version)
+    if parsed_version is None:
+        return
+    if parsed_version < _AST_SERIALIZE_MIN_VERSION:
+        raise CompileError(
+            [
+                f"mypy: error: ast-serialize {version} is too old; "
+                f"mypy requires {_AST_SERIALIZE_REQUIREMENT}"
+            ]
+        )
+    if parsed_version >= _AST_SERIALIZE_MAX_VERSION:
+        raise CompileError(
+            [
+                f"mypy: error: ast-serialize {version} is too new; "
+                f"mypy requires {_AST_SERIALIZE_REQUIREMENT}"
+            ]
+        )
 
 
 class State:
@@ -250,6 +298,8 @@ def read_statements(state: State, data: ReadBuffer, n: int) -> list[Statement]:
 def parse_to_binary_ast(
     filename: str, options: Options, skip_function_bodies: bool = False
 ) -> tuple[bytes, list[ParseError], TypeIgnores, bytes, bool, bool, str, list[tuple[int, str]]]:
+    _validate_ast_serialize_version()
+
     # This is a horrible hack to work around a mypyc bug where imported
     # module may be not ready in a thread sometimes.
     t0 = time.time()
diff --git a/mypy/test/test_nativeparse.py b/mypy/test/test_nativeparse.py
index b50da5f5d02c..35273ffe057a 100644
--- a/mypy/test/test_nativeparse.py
+++ b/mypy/test/test_nativeparse.py
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from collections.abc import Iterator
+from importlib import metadata
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
 from librt.internal import ReadBuffer
 
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 # If the experimental ast_serialize module isn't installed, the following import will fail
 # and we won't run any native parser tests.
 try:
+    from mypy import nativeparse
     from mypy.nativeparse import (
         State,
         deserialize_imports,
@@ -232,6 +235,48 @@ def format_reachable_imports(node: MypyFile) -> list[str]:
     return output
 
 
+@unittest.skipUnless(has_nativeparse, "nativeparse not available")
+class TestNativeParserVersion(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_ast_serialize_version_accepts_minimum(self) -> None:
+        with patch("importlib.metadata.version", return_value="0.5.0"):
+            nativeparse._validate_ast_serialize_version()
+
+    def test_ast_serialize_version_reports_old_version(self) -> None:
+        for version in ["0.2.3", "0.4.0"]:
+            with self.subTest(version=version):
+                with patch("importlib.metadata.version", return_value=version):
+                    with self.assertRaises(CompileError) as context:
+                        nativeparse._validate_ast_serialize_version()
+
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    context.exception.messages,
+                    [
+                        f"mypy: error: ast-serialize {version} is too old; "
+                        "mypy requires ast-serialize>=0.5.0,<1.0.0"
+                    ],
+                )
+
+    def test_ast_serialize_version_reports_too_new_version(self) -> None:
+        with patch("importlib.metadata.version", return_value="1.0.0"):
+            with self.assertRaises(CompileError) as context:
+                nativeparse._validate_ast_serialize_version()
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            context.exception.messages,
+            [
+                "mypy: error: ast-serialize 1.0.0 is too new; "
+                "mypy requires ast-serialize>=0.5.0,<1.0.0"
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_ast_serialize_version_ignores_missing_metadata(self) -> None:
+        with patch(
+            "importlib.metadata.version",
+            side_effect=metadata.PackageNotFoundError("ast-serialize"),
+        ):
+            nativeparse._validate_ast_serialize_version()
+
+
 @unittest.skipUnless(has_nativeparse, "nativeparse not available")
 class TestNativeParserBinaryFormat(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_trivial_binary_data(self) -> None: