diff --git a/lib/utils/oidc.js b/lib/utils/oidc.js
index 00f32c642621c..dd41e96c92739 100644
--- a/lib/utils/oidc.js
+++ b/lib/utils/oidc.js
@@ -143,8 +143,9 @@ async function oidc ({ packageName, registry, opts, config }) {
 
     try {
       const isDefaultProvenance = config.isDefault('provenance')
-      // CircleCI doesn't support provenance yet, so skip the auto-enable logic
-      if (isDefaultProvenance && !ciInfo.CIRCLE) {
+      // CircleCI doesn't support provenance yet, so skip the auto-enable logic.
+      // An explicitly provided provenance file always takes precedence over auto-generated provenance
+      if (isDefaultProvenance && !ciInfo.CIRCLE && !opts.provenanceFile) {
         const [headerB64, payloadB64] = idToken.split('.')
         if (headerB64 && payloadB64) {
           const payloadJson = Buffer.from(payloadB64, 'base64').toString('utf8')
diff --git a/tap-snapshots/test/lib/docs.js.test.cjs b/tap-snapshots/test/lib/docs.js.test.cjs
index dbfc88ab63abc..9c656e35b245a 100644
--- a/tap-snapshots/test/lib/docs.js.test.cjs
+++ b/tap-snapshots/test/lib/docs.js.test.cjs
@@ -1750,6 +1750,9 @@ Set to \`false\` to suppress the progress bar.
 When publishing from a supported cloud CI/CD system, the package will be
 publicly linked to where it was built and published from.
 
+When the \`provenance-file\` config is set, it takes precedence and automatic
+provenance generation (including via trusted publishing/OIDC) is skipped.
+
 This config cannot be used with: \`provenance-file\`
 
 #### \`provenance-file\`
@@ -1759,6 +1762,9 @@ This config cannot be used with: \`provenance-file\`
 
 When publishing, the provenance bundle at the given path will be used.
 
+This takes precedence over automatic provenance generation in trusted
+publishing flows.
+
 This config cannot be used with: \`provenance\`
 
 #### \`proxy\`
diff --git a/test/fixtures/mock-oidc.js b/test/fixtures/mock-oidc.js
index d15d52c1b819f..a9581765ff2c4 100644
--- a/test/fixtures/mock-oidc.js
+++ b/test/fixtures/mock-oidc.js
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ const mockOidc = async (t, {
     ciInfo.CIRCLE = CIRCLE
   })
 
-  const { npm, registry, joinedOutput, logs } = await loadNpmWithRegistry(t, {
+  const { npm, registry, joinedOutput, logs, prefix } = await loadNpmWithRegistry(t, {
     config: {
       loglevel: 'silly',
       ...config,
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ const mockOidc = async (t, {
     })
   }
 
-  return { npm, joinedOutput, logs, ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL }
+  return { npm, registry, prefix, joinedOutput, logs, ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL }
 }
 
 const oidcPublishTest = (opts) => {
diff --git a/test/lib/commands/publish.js b/test/lib/commands/publish.js
index fe286ff46b748..c56557bee4053 100644
--- a/test/lib/commands/publish.js
+++ b/test/lib/commands/publish.js
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ const { loadNpmWithRegistry } = require('../../fixtures/mock-npm')
 const { cleanZlib } = require('../../fixtures/clean-snapshot')
 const pacote = require('pacote')
 const Arborist = require('@npmcli/arborist')
+const npa = require('npm-package-arg')
+const ssri = require('ssri')
 const path = require('node:path')
 const fs = require('node:fs')
 const { circleciIdToken, githubIdToken, gitlabIdToken, oidcPublishTest, mockOidc } = require('../../fixtures/mock-oidc')
@@ -1533,6 +1535,123 @@ t.test('oidc token exchange - provenance', (t) => {
     },
   }))
 
+  t.test('provenance-file config should take precedence over OIDC auto-provenance', async t => {
+    const bundleDir = t.testdir()
+    const provenanceBundlePath = path.join(bundleDir, 'provenance-bundle.json')
+    // holder so the libnpmpack mock can return the tarball computed below
+    const packMock = { tarballData: null }
+
+    const { npm, registry, prefix, joinedOutput } = await mockOidc(t, {
+      oidcOptions: { github: true },
+      config: {
+        '//registry.npmjs.org/:_authToken': 'existing-fallback-token',
+        'provenance-file': provenanceBundlePath,
+      },
+      mockGithubOidcOptions: {
+        audience: 'npm:registry.npmjs.org',
+        idToken: githubPublicIdToken,
+      },
+      mockOidcTokenExchangeOptions: {
+        idToken: githubPublicIdToken,
+        body: {
+          token: 'exchange-token',
+        },
+      },
+      publishOptions: {
+        token: 'exchange-token',
+        noPut: true,
+      },
+      load: {
+        mocks: {
+          // the registry visibility check passes for this public package so the
+          // OIDC flow would auto-enable provenance unless provenance-file wins
+          libnpmaccess: {
+            getVisibility: async () => ({ public: true }),
+          },
+          // publish a deterministic tarball so the bundle subject digest can match it
+          libnpmpack: async () => packMock.tarballData,
+          // libnpmpublish must be mocked as a module so its internal require of
+          // sigstore is intercepted: a user-supplied bundle is only verified,
+          // generation (attest) must never run
+          libnpmpublish: t.mock('libnpmpublish', {
+            'libnpmpublish/lib/provenance': t.mock('libnpmpublish/lib/provenance', {
+              sigstore: {
+                verify: async () => {},
+                attest: async () => {
+                  throw new Error('sigstore.attest must not be called when provenance-file is configured')
+                },
+              },
+            }),
+          }),
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    // compute the tarball integrity the same way libnpmpublish does so the
+    // provenance bundle subject matches the packed tarball
+    packMock.tarballData = await pacote.tarball(prefix, { Arborist })
+    const integrity = ssri.fromData(packMock.tarballData, { algorithms: ['sha512'] })
+    const spec = npa.resolve(pkg, '1.0.0')
+    const provenanceBundle = {
+      mediaType: 'application/vnd.dev.sigstore.bundle+json;version=0.2',
+      verificationMaterial: {
+        x509CertificateChain: {
+          certificates: [{ rawBytes: 'dGVzdA==' }],
+        },
+        tlogEntries: [],
+      },
+      dsseEnvelope: {
+        payload: Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({
+          _type: 'https://in-toto.io/Statement/v0.1',
+          subject: [
+            {
+              name: npa.toPurl(spec),
+              digest: { sha512: integrity.sha512[0].hexDigest() },
+            },
+          ],
+          predicateType: 'https://slsa.dev/provenance/v0.2',
+          predicate: {},
+        })).toString('base64'),
+        payloadType: 'application/vnd.in-toto+json',
+        signatures: [{
+          /* eslint-disable-next-line max-len */
+          sig: 'MEUCIQDqHtpkk1d0rMGLmf3qet9jLale3KVn8Pnywpwt7ln+9AIgG9CJvvUmyemhNYHz0DfJ4vMfKk1TMg+m3hR0mISXJos=',
+          keyid: '',
+        }],
+      },
+    }
+    fs.writeFileSync(provenanceBundlePath, JSON.stringify(provenanceBundle, null, 2))
+
+    let publishedBody
+    registry.nock
+      .put(`/${spec.escapedName}`, (body) => {
+        publishedBody = body
+        return true
+      })
+      .matchHeader('authorization', 'Bearer exchange-token')
+      // optional so a failed publish does not leave a pending mock behind
+      .optionally()
+      .reply(200, {})
+
+    // libnpmpublish checks package visibility itself before generating
+    // provenance; optional so it is only consumed if generation is attempted
+    registry.nock
+      .get(`/-/package/${spec.escapedName}/visibility`)
+      .optionally()
+      .reply(200, { public: true })
+
+    await npm.exec('publish', [])
+
+    t.match(joinedOutput(), '+ @npmcli/test-package@1.0.0')
+    const sigstoreAttachment = publishedBody?._attachments[`${pkg}-1.0.0.sigstore`]
+    t.ok(sigstoreAttachment, 'published packument includes a sigstore bundle attachment')
+    t.strictSame(
+      JSON.parse(sigstoreAttachment.data),
+      provenanceBundle,
+      'published sigstore bundle is the user-supplied provenance file'
+    )
+  })
+
   const brokenJwts = [
     'x.invalid-jwt.x',
     'x.invalid-jwt.',
diff --git a/workspaces/config/lib/definitions/definitions.js b/workspaces/config/lib/definitions/definitions.js
index f932d8f48103c..8ada20fcad6ee 100644
--- a/workspaces/config/lib/definitions/definitions.js
+++ b/workspaces/config/lib/definitions/definitions.js
@@ -2006,6 +2006,10 @@ const definitions = {
     description: `
       When publishing from a supported cloud CI/CD system, the package will be
       publicly linked to where it was built and published from.
+
+      When the \`provenance-file\` config is set, it takes precedence and
+      automatic provenance generation (including via trusted publishing/OIDC)
+      is skipped.
     `,
     flatten,
   }),
@@ -2016,6 +2020,9 @@ const definitions = {
     exclusive: ['provenance'],
     description: `
       When publishing, the provenance bundle at the given path will be used.
+
+      This takes precedence over automatic provenance generation in trusted
+      publishing flows.
     `,
     flatten,
   }),
diff --git a/workspaces/libnpmpublish/README.md b/workspaces/libnpmpublish/README.md
index 69b747d92dcfc..a21140ead0031 100644
--- a/workspaces/libnpmpublish/README.md
+++ b/workspaces/libnpmpublish/README.md
@@ -58,11 +58,15 @@ A couple of options of note:
 
 * `opts.provenance` - when running in a supported CI environment, will trigger
   the generation of a signed provenance statement to be published alongside
-  the package. Mutually exclusive with the `provenanceFile` option.
+  the package. Mutually exclusive with the `provenanceFile` option; providing
+  both will throw an `EPROVENANCECONFLICT` error. In the npm CLI's trusted
+  publishing flows, automatic provenance generation is skipped when
+  `provenanceFile` is supplied.
 
 * `opts.provenanceFile` - specifies the path to an externally-generated
   provenance statement to be published alongside the package. Mutually
-  exclusive with the `provenance` option. The specified file should be a
+  exclusive with the `provenance` option; providing both will throw an
+  `EPROVENANCECONFLICT` error. The specified file should be a
   [Sigstore Bundle](https://github.com/sigstore/protobuf-specs/blob/main/protos/sigstore_bundle.proto)
   containing a [DSSE](https://github.com/secure-systems-lab/dsse)-packaged
   provenance statement.
diff --git a/workspaces/libnpmpublish/lib/publish.js b/workspaces/libnpmpublish/lib/publish.js
index 796cef6aa392a..33a46d56c26d5 100644
--- a/workspaces/libnpmpublish/lib/publish.js
+++ b/workspaces/libnpmpublish/lib/publish.js
@@ -144,6 +144,12 @@ const buildMetadata = async (registry, manifest, tarballData, spec, opts) => {
 
   // Handle case where --provenance flag was set to true
   let transparencyLogUrl
+  if (provenance === true && provenanceFile) {
+    throw Object.assign(
+      new Error('provenance and provenanceFile are mutually exclusive'),
+      { code: 'EPROVENANCECONFLICT' }
+    )
+  }
   if (provenance === true || provenanceFile) {
     let provenanceBundle
     const subject = {
diff --git a/workspaces/libnpmpublish/test/publish.js b/workspaces/libnpmpublish/test/publish.js
index 3b41656bef17a..6d5dd0ed569e0 100644
--- a/workspaces/libnpmpublish/test/publish.js
+++ b/workspaces/libnpmpublish/test/publish.js
@@ -862,6 +862,48 @@ t.test('user-supplied provenance - success', async t => {
   t.ok(ret, 'publish succeeded')
 })
 
+t.test('provenance and provenanceFile together throws', async t => {
+  mockGlobals(t, {
+    'process.env': {
+      CI: true,
+      GITHUB_ACTIONS: true,
+      ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL: 'https://mock.oidc',
+      ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_TOKEN: 'decafbad',
+    },
+  })
+
+  const { publish } = t.mock('..', {
+    'ci-info': { GITHUB_ACTIONS: true, name: 'GitHub Actions' },
+    '../lib/provenance': {
+      generateProvenance: () => {
+        throw new Error('generateProvenance should not be called')
+      },
+      verifyProvenance: () => {
+        throw new Error('verifyProvenance should not be called')
+      },
+    },
+  })
+
+  const manifest = {
+    name: '@npmcli/libnpmpublish-test',
+    version: '1.0.0',
+    description: 'test libnpmpublish package',
+  }
+
+  await t.rejects(
+    publish(manifest, tarData, {
+      ...opts,
+      access: 'public',
+      provenance: true,
+      provenanceFile: './test/fixtures/valid-bundle.json',
+    }),
+    {
+      code: 'EPROVENANCECONFLICT',
+      message: /mutually exclusive/,
+    }
+  )
+})
+
 t.test('user-supplied provenance - failure', async t => {
   const { publish } = t.mock('..')
   const manifest = {