diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9aaca65a56..940fe35ea9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ and adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- **A Kotlin `private val` / `private var` no longer captures calls from other files.** Properties were indexed without their visibility modifier, so the file-local rule that already declines a `private fun` read every property as public: an Android app's `token(...)` validator resolved onto another class's `@Volatile private var token`, and JavaScript, Go and Python callers landed on Kotlin test fixtures' private fields. Both the WebAssembly and the native path now record `private` / `internal` / `protected` on properties. Re-index after upgrading. (#1731)
 - In TypeScript, an awaited call with type arguments like `await fetchApi<User>("/me")` or `await api.get<T>(url)` now links to the function it calls. Before, the call was dropped, so typed fetch wrappers looked like they had no callers. (#2586)
 - In JavaScript and TypeScript, a call or `new` in a parameter's default value, like `function renderWithNote(note = buildNote())`, a destructured `{ size = defaultSize() }` or `constructor(private svc = new Service())`, now counts as the function's own call. Before, it was dropped, so `buildNote` was missing that caller and impact on it came back incomplete. Re-index JavaScript and TypeScript projects after upgrading. Thanks @inth3shadows for the report and the pull request. (#2588)
 - In React, a component rendered at module scope, in a top-level constant or inside a test's `it(…)` callback, like `createRoot(el).render(<App />)` or `render(<Card />)`, now counts as rendered there, so an app's entry reaches its root component and a component's tests show among its callers. (#2587)
diff --git a/__tests__/cross-file-visibility.test.ts b/__tests__/cross-file-visibility.test.ts
index 1cb0007c94..7dfe5e4706 100644
--- a/__tests__/cross-file-visibility.test.ts
+++ b/__tests__/cross-file-visibility.test.ts
@@ -96,6 +96,31 @@ describe('Kotlin: a private function is class- or file-local', () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe('Kotlin: a private property is class- or file-local too', () => {
+  it('records the modifier on the property and declines a call onto it from another file', async () => {
+    project({
+      'WebRtcTransport.kt': 'class WebRtcTransport {\n    @Volatile private var token = ""\n    internal val shared = 1\n}\n',
+      'CommandValidator.kt': 'class CommandValidator {\n    fun validate(command: Map<String, Any>): String? {\n        if (!token(command["sessionId"], 128)) return "bad"\n        return null\n    }\n}\n',
+    });
+    expect(await calleesOf('validate')).not.toContain('WebRtcTransport.kt:token');
+    const fields = cg!.getNodesByKind('field').filter((n) => n.filePath.endsWith('WebRtcTransport.kt'));
+    expect(fields.find((n) => n.name === 'token')?.visibility).toBe('private');
+    expect(fields.find((n) => n.name === 'shared')?.visibility).toBe('internal');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Kotlin: a member of a private class is not visible either', () => {
+  it('declines a call onto a public fun of another file\'s private class', async () => {
+    // `clock`'s type is unknown here, so only the method name picks a target.
+    // Not a test file: production code never reaches a test suite's symbol anyway.
+    project({
+      'Coordinator.kt': 'class Coordinator {\n    private class Clock(var value: Long) { fun now() = value }\n}\n',
+      'Gimbal.kt': 'class Gimbal {\n    fun dispatchSpeed() {\n        val clock = provide()\n        val timestamp = clock.now()\n    }\n}\n',
+    });
+    expect(await calleesOf('dispatchSpeed')).not.toContain('Coordinator.kt:now');
+  });
+});
+
 describe('Go: an unexported identifier is package-local', () => {
   it('does not resolve a call onto an unexported func in another package', async () => {
     project({
diff --git a/__tests__/fixtures/kernel-parity/torture.kt b/__tests__/fixtures/kernel-parity/torture.kt
index 3e85d3de54..d2f1878f55 100644
--- a/__tests__/fixtures/kernel-parity/torture.kt
+++ b/__tests__/fixtures/kernel-parity/torture.kt
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ fun com.example.Qualified.qext() {}
 suspend fun suspender(): Unit { helper() }
 
 private internal fun visFn() {}
+private val hiddenTop = 1
+internal var sharedTop = 2
+
 
 fun inferred() = helper()
 
diff --git a/codegraph-kernel/src/kotlin.rs b/codegraph-kernel/src/kotlin.rs
index 83170723ff..6b1901704b 100644
--- a/codegraph-kernel/src/kotlin.rs
+++ b/codegraph-kernel/src/kotlin.rs
@@ -784,9 +784,11 @@ impl<'t> Walker<'t> {
             return Some(Vec::new());
         };
         // The `type`-field signature read is dead (zero fields) → signature
-        // undefined; NO docstring/visibility/isStatic — the modifiers merge in
-        // create_node still decorates expect/actual properties.
-        let row = self.create_node(kind, &name, node, Extra::default());
+        // undefined; NO docstring/isStatic — the modifiers merge in
+        // create_node still decorates expect/actual properties. Visibility IS
+        // read: a `private val` is file-local to the resolver (#1731).
+        let extra = Extra { visibility: Some(self.visibility_of(node)), ..Extra::default() };
+        let row = self.create_node(kind, &name, node, extra);
         // Walk the initializer ATTRIBUTED to the declared symbol (#693, the Go
         // fix, ported): without this the subtree is only fn-ref-scanned, so a
         // lambda / SAM / object initializer (`val cb = Runnable { target() }` —
diff --git a/src/extraction/languages/kotlin.ts b/src/extraction/languages/kotlin.ts
index c849830940..db42a560fa 100644
--- a/src/extraction/languages/kotlin.ts
+++ b/src/extraction/languages/kotlin.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,21 @@ import type { Node as SyntaxNode } from 'web-tree-sitter';
 import { getNodeText } from '../tree-sitter-helpers';
 import type { LanguageExtractor } from '../tree-sitter-types';
 
+/** The visibility a Kotlin declaration's `modifiers` child spells out; public by default. */
+function kotlinVisibility(node: { childCount: number; child(i: number): { type: string; text: string } | null }): 'public' | 'private' | 'protected' | 'internal' {
+  for (let i = 0; i < node.childCount; i++) {
+    const child = node.child(i);
+    if (child?.type === 'modifiers') {
+      const text = child.text;
+      if (text.includes('public')) return 'public';
+      if (text.includes('private')) return 'private';
+      if (text.includes('protected')) return 'protected';
+      if (text.includes('internal')) return 'internal';
+    }
+  }
+  return 'public';
+}
+
 /** Kotlin return types that can't be a chained-call receiver (no class to chain on). */
 const KOTLIN_NON_CLASS_RETURN = new Set(['Unit', 'Nothing']);
 
@@ -282,7 +297,10 @@ export const kotlinExtractor: LanguageExtractor = {
       const sig = typeNode
         ? `${isVal ? 'val' : 'var'} ${name}: ${getNodeText(typeNode, ctx.source)}`
         : undefined;
-      const created = ctx.createNode(kind, name, node, { signature: sig });
+      // `private val` / `internal var` at class or object scope: the modifier
+      // decides who can name it from another file (#1731's Kotlin rule reads
+      // `visibility`, and a property without one read as public).
+      const created = ctx.createNode(kind, name, node, { signature: sig, visibility: kotlinVisibility(node) });
       // Walk the initializer ATTRIBUTED to the declared symbol (#693, the Go
       // fix, ported to Kotlin): the hook consumes this subtree, so without an
       // explicit walk a lambda / SAM / object initializer
@@ -486,20 +504,7 @@ export const kotlinExtractor: LanguageExtractor = {
     }
     return sig;
   },
-  getVisibility: (node) => {
-    // Check for visibility modifiers in Kotlin
-    for (let i = 0; i < node.childCount; i++) {
-      const child = node.child(i);
-      if (child?.type === 'modifiers') {
-        const text = child.text;
-        if (text.includes('public')) return 'public';
-        if (text.includes('private')) return 'private';
-        if (text.includes('protected')) return 'protected';
-        if (text.includes('internal')) return 'internal';
-      }
-    }
-    return 'public'; // Kotlin defaults to public
-  },
+  getVisibility: (node) => kotlinVisibility(node),
   isStatic: (_node) => {
     // Kotlin doesn't have static, uses companion objects
     return false;
diff --git a/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts b/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts
index 122dece68b..9173cb93e4 100644
--- a/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts
+++ b/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts
@@ -3366,6 +3366,38 @@ function isSfcPrivate(n: Node, context: ResolutionContext): boolean {
   return true;
 }
 
+/** Per-context memo: node id → "this member sits inside a `private` class/object". */
+const PRIVATE_OWNER_MEMO = new WeakMap<ResolutionContext, Map<string, boolean>>();
+
+/** Kinds that own members and carry a visibility of their own. */
+const OWNER_KINDS = new Set<string>(['class', 'interface', 'struct', 'enum', 'namespace']);
+
+/**
+ * Whether `candidate` is a member of a `private` type in its file — a Kotlin
+ * test's `private class Clock { fun now() = value }`: the method is public,
+ * the class is not, so nothing outside the file can name `now`. Found by
+ * line range among the file's own nodes, memoised per node.
+ */
+function isInsidePrivateType(candidate: Node, context: ResolutionContext): boolean {
+  let memo = PRIVATE_OWNER_MEMO.get(context);
+  if (!memo) {
+    memo = new Map();
+    PRIVATE_OWNER_MEMO.set(context, memo);
+  }
+  const hit = memo.get(candidate.id);
+  if (hit !== undefined) return hit;
+  const inside = context.getNodesInFile(candidate.filePath).some(
+    (n) =>
+      n.id !== candidate.id &&
+      OWNER_KINDS.has(n.kind) &&
+      n.visibility === 'private' &&
+      n.startLine <= candidate.startLine &&
+      n.endLine >= candidate.endLine
+  );
+  memo.set(candidate.id, inside);
+  return inside;
+}
+
 /**
  * Whether Go lets `ref`'s file name the Go declaration `candidate`: an
  * exported name from anywhere, an unexported one only inside its own package,
@@ -3507,7 +3539,9 @@ export function isVisibleAcrossFiles(candidate: Node, ref: UnresolvedRef, contex
   if (lang === 'dart') {
     return candidate.visibility !== 'private' || (ref.language === 'dart' && dartPrivateVisible(ref.filePath, candidate.filePath, context));
   }
-  if (PRIVATE_IS_FILE_LOCAL.has(lang)) return candidate.visibility !== 'private';
+  if (PRIVATE_IS_FILE_LOCAL.has(lang)) {
+    return candidate.visibility !== 'private' && !isInsidePrivateType(candidate, context);
+  }
   // An R test file runs in an environment of its own (testthat): its top-level
   // `c <- ggplot(…)` is not what the package's 2,843 `c(…)` calls mean. The
   // `helper-*.R` / `setup-*.R` files are sourced for every test, so theirs are shared.
@@ -18170,6 +18204,7 @@ export function clearNameMatcherMemos(context: ResolutionContext): void {
   JAVA_STATIC_IMPORTS.delete(context);
   PY_IMPORTS.delete(context);
   PY_MODULE_LOCAL.delete(context);
+  PRIVATE_OWNER_MEMO.delete(context);
   SEALED_MODULES.delete(context);
   LOCAL_BINDING_MEMO.delete(context);
   LOCAL_BINDING_SITES.delete(context);