From 322b0a04424b2ae3b1e36e831d8db89cf88c8a22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ColinLee <shuolin_l@163.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 2026 17:03:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] test(cpp): run CLI E2E cases from portable command and golden
 files

---
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 .github/workflows/unit-test-cpp.yml           |     9 +
 cpp/test/CMakeLists.txt                       |    31 +
 cpp/test/tools/cli_args_test.cc               |    92 -
 cpp/test/tools/cli_internal_test.cc           |   275 +
 cpp/test/tools/cli_requirements_test.cc       |  1252 --
 cpp/test/tools/command_e2e_test.cc            |  2073 --
 cpp/test/tools/e2e/.gitignore                 |    19 +
 cpp/test/tools/e2e/README.md                  |   130 +
 cpp/test/tools/e2e/cases.json                 | 17838 ++++++++++++++++
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 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/table_stats_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/table_stats_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_cat_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_cat_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_cat_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_count_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_count_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_count_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_export_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_export_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_export_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_head_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_head_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_head_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_ls_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_ls_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_ls_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_meta_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_meta_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_meta_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_schema_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_schema_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_schema_table.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_sketch.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_stats_csv.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_stats_ndjson.txt (100%)
 rename cpp/test/tools/{ => e2e}/golden/tree_stats_table.txt (100%)
 create mode 100644 cpp/test/tools/e2e/run_cli_e2e.py
 create mode 100644 cpp/test/tools/e2e/test_runner.py
 delete mode 100644 cpp/test/tools/model_format_e2e_test.cc
 delete mode 100644 cpp/test/tools/utf8_collision_e2e_test.cc

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 7497efbe7..4cba22bfb 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -16,3 +16,7 @@
 # under the License.
 
 * text=auto eol=lf
+
+# CLI fixtures include significant CRLF bytes inside quoted CSV fields.
+cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/** -text
+cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/** -text
diff --git a/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp-msvc.yml b/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp-msvc.yml
index 9939301c1..27fe7e908 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp-msvc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp-msvc.yml
@@ -160,3 +160,12 @@ jobs:
             -Dtsfile.dependency.source=BUNDLED \
             -Dspotless.skip=true \
             clean verify
+
+      - name: Upload CLI E2E failure results
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: cli-e2e-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
+          path: cpp/target/build/test/cli-e2e-results/
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+          retention-days: 14
diff --git a/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp.yml b/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp.yml
index 7a0605c8b..f15c9f1d2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/unit-test-cpp.yml
@@ -152,3 +152,12 @@ jobs:
            -Denable.lzma2=ON \
            -Dtsfile.dependency.source=BUNDLED \
            clean verify
+
+      - name: Upload CLI E2E failure results
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        with:
+          name: cli-e2e-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
+          path: cpp/target/build/test/cli-e2e-results/
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+          retention-days: 14
diff --git a/cpp/test/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 3c3da441b..cc54906ab 100644
--- a/cpp/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -355,3 +355,34 @@ if(WIN32)
 else()
   gtest_discover_tests(TsFile_Test)
 endif()
+
+# The same file-driven CLI suite also runs against an installed executable.
+# Keep test-data preparation and golden comparisons independent of libtsfile.
+if (BUILD_TOOLS)
+    if (CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS "3.12")
+        find_package(PythonInterp 3.9 REQUIRED)
+        set(TSFILE_E2E_PYTHON "${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE}")
+    else ()
+        find_package(Python3 3.9 COMPONENTS Interpreter REQUIRED)
+        set(TSFILE_E2E_PYTHON "${Python3_EXECUTABLE}")
+    endif ()
+    add_dependencies(TsFile_Test tsfile_cli)
+    add_test(NAME CliE2E
+            COMMAND "${TSFILE_E2E_PYTHON}"
+                    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/e2e/run_cli_e2e.py"
+                    --cli $<TARGET_FILE:tsfile_cli>
+                    --expected-version "${TsFile_CPP_VERSION}"
+                    --output-dir "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/cli-e2e-results")
+    set_tests_properties(CliE2E PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 1800)
+    if (WIN32 AND TSFILE_BUILD_SHARED)
+        # The build-tree DLL lives in lib/<config>, separate from the CLI.
+        # Installed-package verification uses its own normal runtime setup.
+        string(REPLACE ";" "\\;" _TSFILE_E2E_SYSTEM_PATH "$ENV{PATH}")
+        set_tests_properties(CliE2E PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENT
+                "PATH=$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:tsfile>\\;${_TSFILE_E2E_SYSTEM_PATH}")
+    endif ()
+    add_test(NAME CliE2ERunnerTest
+            COMMAND "${TSFILE_E2E_PYTHON}" -m unittest discover
+                    -s "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/tools/e2e"
+                    -p test_runner.py)
+endif ()
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/cli_args_test.cc b/cpp/test/tools/cli_args_test.cc
index 580623d4e..a28773932 100644
--- a/cpp/test/tools/cli_args_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/cli_args_test.cc
@@ -23,72 +23,6 @@
 
 #include <sstream>
 
-#include "cli/run_cli.h"
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, VersionFlagPrintsVersionAndReturnsOk) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"--version"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("tsfile"), std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, VersionMustAppearByItself) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "--version", "data.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--version"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, TopLevelHelpMustAppearByItself) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"--help", "cat"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--help"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, CommandHelpMustAppearByItself) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "--help", "data.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--help"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, NoArgsPrintsUsageToErrAndReturnsUsageError) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("Usage"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, UnknownCommandIsUsageError) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"frobnicate", "x.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("Unknown command"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, LeadingOptionBeforeCommandIsClearError) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"-f", "ndjson", "meta", "data.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("command must come before options"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
 TEST(ParseArgsTest, CommandAndFilePositional) {
     auto p = tsfile_cli::parse_args({"ls", "data.tsfile"});
     EXPECT_TRUE(p.error.empty());
@@ -179,29 +113,3 @@ TEST(ParseArgsTest, StdinFlagParsed) {
     EXPECT_EQ(p.file, "-");
     EXPECT_TRUE(p.input_set);
 }
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, SelectIsNoLongerKnownCommand) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"select", "x.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("Unknown command"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, SeedOnCatIsUsageError) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "--seed", "7", "x.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--seed is not supported"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(RunCliTest, SampleIsUnknownCommand) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sample", "--offset", "2", "x.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("Unknown command"), std::string::npos);
-}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/cli_internal_test.cc b/cpp/test/tools/cli_internal_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fb806efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/cli_internal_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * License); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "cli/run_cli.h"
+#include "cli_test_util.h"
+#include "commands/commands.h"
+#include "commands/statistics.h"
+#include "common/config/config.h"
+#include "file/local_random_access_read_file.h"
+#include "reader/tsfile_reader.h"
+
+#ifndef TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR
+#define TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR "."
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+struct TableFixture {
+    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_table_fixture();
+    ~TableFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
+};
+
+class FailingMetadataReadFile : public storage::LocalRandomAccessReadFile {
+   public:
+    int read(int64_t offset, char* buffer, int32_t size,
+             int32_t& read_size) override {
+        ++reads;
+        if (fail_reads || (fail_at > 0 && (persistent ? reads >= fail_at
+                                                      : reads == fail_at))) {
+            failed = true;
+            fail_reads = persistent;
+            read_size = 0;
+            return short_read ? common::E_OK : common::E_FILE_READ_ERR;
+        }
+        return LocalRandomAccessReadFile::read(offset, buffer, size, read_size);
+    }
+
+    bool fail_reads = false;
+    bool persistent = false;
+    bool failed = false;
+    bool short_read = false;
+    int reads = 0;
+    int fail_at = 0;
+};
+
+class FlushFailingStreamBuf : public std::stringbuf {
+   protected:
+    int sync() override { return -1; }
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(CliInternal, FileSummaryPropagatesEveryMetadataReadFailure) {
+    for (bool internal_indexes : {false, true}) {
+        TableFixture fixture;
+        if (internal_indexes) {
+            const uint32_t saved =
+                common::g_config_value_.max_degree_of_index_node_;
+            ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(2), common::E_OK);
+            std::remove(fixture.path.c_str());
+            fixture.path = tsfile_cli_test::write_tag_filter_fixture();
+            ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(saved),
+                      common::E_OK);
+        }
+        tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs args;
+        args.file = fixture.path;
+        int first_read = 0;
+        int last_read = 0;
+        {
+            auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
+            ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
+            storage::TsFileReader reader;
+            ASSERT_EQ(
+                reader.open(
+                    std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(source)),
+                common::E_OK);
+            first_read = source->reads + 1;
+            tsfile_cli::FileSummary summary;
+            std::ostringstream err;
+            ASSERT_EQ(
+                tsfile_cli::collect_file_summary(args, reader, summary, err), 0)
+                << err.str();
+            EXPECT_EQ(summary.device_count, internal_indexes ? 3 : 1);
+            EXPECT_GT(summary.series_count, 0);
+            last_read = source->reads;
+        }
+        for (bool persistent : {false, true}) {
+            for (bool short_read : {false, true}) {
+                for (int fail_at = first_read; fail_at <= last_read;
+                     ++fail_at) {
+                    SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                                 << internal_indexes << ":" << persistent << ":"
+                                 << short_read << ":" << fail_at);
+                    auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
+                    ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
+                    storage::TsFileReader reader;
+                    ASSERT_EQ(
+                        reader.open(
+                            std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(
+                                source)),
+                        common::E_OK);
+                    source->fail_at = fail_at;
+                    source->persistent = persistent;
+                    source->short_read = short_read;
+                    tsfile_cli::FileSummary summary;
+                    summary.file = "unchanged";
+                    summary.device_count = -1;
+                    std::ostringstream err;
+                    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::collect_file_summary(args, reader,
+                                                               summary, err),
+                              2);
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(source->failed);
+                    EXPECT_EQ(summary.file, "unchanged");
+                    EXPECT_EQ(summary.device_count, -1);
+                    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"),
+                              std::string::npos)
+                        << err.str();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(CliInternal, TableStatsPropagateEveryMetadataReadFailure) {
+    TableFixture fixture;
+    const uint32_t saved = common::g_config_value_.max_degree_of_index_node_;
+    ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(2), common::E_OK);
+    std::remove(fixture.path.c_str());
+    fixture.path = tsfile_cli_test::write_tag_filter_fixture();
+    ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(saved), common::E_OK);
+    tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs args;
+    args.file = fixture.path;
+    args.table = "t1";
+    int first_read = 0;
+    int last_read = 0;
+    for (int fail_at = 0; fail_at <= last_read; ++fail_at) {
+        if (fail_at > 0 && fail_at < first_read) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (bool persistent : {false, true}) {
+            for (bool short_read : {false, true}) {
+                SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                             << persistent << ":" << short_read << ":"
+                             << fail_at);
+                auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
+                ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
+                storage::TsFileReader reader;
+                ASSERT_EQ(
+                    reader.open(
+                        std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(source)),
+                    common::E_OK);
+                // Match run_cli's model validation before command dispatch.
+                std::vector<std::shared_ptr<storage::TableSchema>> schemas;
+                std::vector<std::shared_ptr<storage::IDeviceID>> devices;
+                ASSERT_EQ(reader.get_all_table_schemas(schemas), common::E_OK);
+                ASSERT_EQ(reader.get_all_devices(devices), common::E_OK);
+                first_read = source->reads + 1;
+                source->fail_at = fail_at;
+                source->persistent = persistent;
+                source->short_read = short_read;
+                std::ostringstream out;
+                std::ostringstream err;
+                const int ret = tsfile_cli::cmd_stats(
+                    args, reader, tsfile_cli::OutputFormat::kCsv, out, err);
+                if (fail_at == 0) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0) << err.str();
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty()) << err.str();
+                    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,t1,dev_a,s1,INT64,1,"),
+                              std::string::npos);
+                    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,t1,dev_b,s1,INT64,2,"),
+                              std::string::npos);
+                    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,t1,dev_c,s1,INT64,1,"),
+                              std::string::npos);
+                    last_read = source->reads;
+                    ASSERT_GE(last_read, first_read);
+                } else {
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ret, 2);
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(source->failed);
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << out.str();
+                    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"),
+                              std::string::npos)
+                        << err.str();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(CliInternal, ModelDetectionPropagatesMetadataReadErrors) {
+    TableFixture fixture;
+    using Command =
+        int (*)(const tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs&, storage::TsFileReader&,
+                tsfile_cli::OutputFormat, std::ostream&, std::ostream&);
+    const Command commands[] = {tsfile_cli::cmd_ls,    tsfile_cli::cmd_schema,
+                                tsfile_cli::cmd_meta,  tsfile_cli::cmd_stats,
+                                tsfile_cli::cmd_count, tsfile_cli::cmd_head,
+                                tsfile_cli::cmd_cat};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(commands) / sizeof(commands[0]); ++i) {
+        for (bool persistent : {false, true}) {
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << i << ":" << persistent);
+            auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
+            ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
+            storage::TsFileReader reader;
+            ASSERT_EQ(
+                reader.open(
+                    std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(source)),
+                common::E_OK);
+            source->fail_reads = true;
+            source->persistent = persistent;
+            tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs args;
+            args.file = fixture.path;
+            std::ostringstream out;
+            std::ostringstream err;
+            EXPECT_EQ(commands[i](args, reader, tsfile_cli::OutputFormat::kCsv,
+                                  out, err),
+                      2);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(source->failed);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << out.str();
+            EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"), std::string::npos)
+                << err.str();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(CliInternal, SkillShipsRequiredReferenceFiles) {
+    const std::string root = std::string(TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR) +
+                             "/tools/skills/tsfile-cli/references/";
+    const std::vector<std::string> refs = {"commands.md", "errors.md",
+                                           "examples.md"};
+    for (const auto& ref : refs) {
+        std::ifstream in(root + ref);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(in.good()) << ref;
+        std::ostringstream body;
+        body << in.rdbuf();
+        EXPECT_NE(body.str().find("tsfile-cli"), std::string::npos)
+            << root + ref;
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(CliInternal, StdoutFlushFailureReturnsRuntimeError) {
+    TableFixture f;
+    FlushFailingStreamBuf buffer;
+    std::ostream out(&buffer);
+    std::ostringstream err;
+    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err), 3);
+    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read rows"), std::string::npos)
+        << err.str();
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/cli_requirements_test.cc b/cpp/test/tools/cli_requirements_test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 438f7507e..000000000
--- a/cpp/test/tools/cli_requirements_test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1252 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * License); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-#ifndef _WIN32
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "cli/run_cli.h"
-#include "cli_test_util.h"
-#include "commands/commands.h"
-#include "commands/statistics.h"
-#include "common/config/config.h"
-#include "file/local_random_access_read_file.h"
-#include "reader/tsfile_reader.h"
-
-#ifndef TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR
-#define TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR "."
-#endif
-
-namespace {
-
-struct TableFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_table_fixture();
-    ~TableFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-struct MultiTableFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_multi_table_fixture();
-    ~MultiTableFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-class FailingMetadataReadFile : public storage::LocalRandomAccessReadFile {
-   public:
-    int read(int64_t offset, char* buffer, int32_t size,
-             int32_t& read_size) override {
-        ++reads;
-        if (fail_reads || (fail_at > 0 && (persistent ? reads >= fail_at
-                                                      : reads == fail_at))) {
-            failed = true;
-            fail_reads = persistent;
-            read_size = 0;
-            return short_read ? common::E_OK : common::E_FILE_READ_ERR;
-        }
-        return LocalRandomAccessReadFile::read(offset, buffer, size, read_size);
-    }
-
-    bool fail_reads = false;
-    bool persistent = false;
-    bool failed = false;
-    bool short_read = false;
-    int reads = 0;
-    int fail_at = 0;
-};
-
-bool file_exists(const std::string& path) {
-    std::ifstream in(path.c_str());
-    return in.good();
-}
-
-std::string read_file(const std::string& path) {
-    std::ifstream in(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-    std::ostringstream buf;
-    buf << in.rdbuf();
-    return buf.str();
-}
-
-std::string global_usage() {
-    return "Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]\n"
-           "Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export "
-           "write\n"
-           "Formats: table ndjson csv\n"
-           "Common read options:\n"
-           "  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: "
-           "table)\n"
-           "  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device\n"
-           "  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table\n"
-           "  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection\n"
-           "  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat\n"
-           "      --offset N                 skip N matching rows\n"
-           "      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound\n"
-           "      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound\n"
-           "Export options:\n"
-           "  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target\n"
-           "      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type\n"
-           "      --force                    replace a regular output file\n"
-           "Write options:\n"
-           "      --table <name>             target table name\n"
-           "      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column\n"
-           "      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column\n"
-           "  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file\n"
-           "      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin\n"
-           "  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile\n"
-           "  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr\n"
-           "  -h, --help                     print help\n"
-           "      --version                  print version\n";
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, FileSummaryPropagatesEveryMetadataReadFailure) {
-    for (bool internal_indexes : {false, true}) {
-        TableFixture fixture;
-        if (internal_indexes) {
-            const uint32_t saved =
-                common::g_config_value_.max_degree_of_index_node_;
-            ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(2), common::E_OK);
-            std::remove(fixture.path.c_str());
-            fixture.path = tsfile_cli_test::write_tag_filter_fixture();
-            ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(saved),
-                      common::E_OK);
-        }
-        tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs args;
-        args.file = fixture.path;
-        int first_read = 0;
-        int last_read = 0;
-        {
-            auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
-            ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
-            storage::TsFileReader reader;
-            ASSERT_EQ(
-                reader.open(
-                    std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(source)),
-                common::E_OK);
-            first_read = source->reads + 1;
-            tsfile_cli::FileSummary summary;
-            std::ostringstream err;
-            ASSERT_EQ(
-                tsfile_cli::collect_file_summary(args, reader, summary, err), 0)
-                << err.str();
-            EXPECT_EQ(summary.device_count, internal_indexes ? 3 : 1);
-            EXPECT_GT(summary.series_count, 0);
-            last_read = source->reads;
-        }
-        for (bool persistent : {false, true}) {
-            for (bool short_read : {false, true}) {
-                for (int fail_at = first_read; fail_at <= last_read;
-                     ++fail_at) {
-                    SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
-                                 << internal_indexes << ":" << persistent << ":"
-                                 << short_read << ":" << fail_at);
-                    auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
-                    ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
-                    storage::TsFileReader reader;
-                    ASSERT_EQ(
-                        reader.open(
-                            std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(
-                                source)),
-                        common::E_OK);
-                    source->fail_at = fail_at;
-                    source->persistent = persistent;
-                    source->short_read = short_read;
-                    tsfile_cli::FileSummary summary;
-                    summary.file = "unchanged";
-                    summary.device_count = -1;
-                    std::ostringstream err;
-                    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::collect_file_summary(args, reader,
-                                                               summary, err),
-                              2);
-                    EXPECT_TRUE(source->failed);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(summary.file, "unchanged");
-                    EXPECT_EQ(summary.device_count, -1);
-                    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"),
-                              std::string::npos)
-                        << err.str();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, TableStatsPropagateEveryMetadataReadFailure) {
-    TableFixture fixture;
-    const uint32_t saved = common::g_config_value_.max_degree_of_index_node_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(2), common::E_OK);
-    std::remove(fixture.path.c_str());
-    fixture.path = tsfile_cli_test::write_tag_filter_fixture();
-    ASSERT_EQ(storage::set_max_degree_of_index_node(saved), common::E_OK);
-    tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs args;
-    args.file = fixture.path;
-    args.table = "t1";
-    int first_read = 0;
-    int last_read = 0;
-    for (int fail_at = 0; fail_at <= last_read; ++fail_at) {
-        if (fail_at > 0 && fail_at < first_read) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        for (bool persistent : {false, true}) {
-            for (bool short_read : {false, true}) {
-                SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
-                             << persistent << ":" << short_read << ":"
-                             << fail_at);
-                auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
-                ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
-                storage::TsFileReader reader;
-                ASSERT_EQ(
-                    reader.open(
-                        std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(source)),
-                    common::E_OK);
-                // Match run_cli's model validation before command dispatch.
-                std::vector<std::shared_ptr<storage::TableSchema>> schemas;
-                std::vector<std::shared_ptr<storage::IDeviceID>> devices;
-                ASSERT_EQ(reader.get_all_table_schemas(schemas), common::E_OK);
-                ASSERT_EQ(reader.get_all_devices(devices), common::E_OK);
-                first_read = source->reads + 1;
-                source->fail_at = fail_at;
-                source->persistent = persistent;
-                source->short_read = short_read;
-                std::ostringstream out;
-                std::ostringstream err;
-                const int ret = tsfile_cli::cmd_stats(
-                    args, reader, tsfile_cli::OutputFormat::kCsv, out, err);
-                if (fail_at == 0) {
-                    ASSERT_EQ(ret, 0) << err.str();
-                    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty()) << err.str();
-                    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,t1,dev_a,s1,INT64,1,"),
-                              std::string::npos);
-                    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,t1,dev_b,s1,INT64,2,"),
-                              std::string::npos);
-                    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,t1,dev_c,s1,INT64,1,"),
-                              std::string::npos);
-                    last_read = source->reads;
-                    ASSERT_GE(last_read, first_read);
-                } else {
-                    EXPECT_EQ(ret, 2);
-                    EXPECT_TRUE(source->failed);
-                    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << out.str();
-                    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"),
-                              std::string::npos)
-                        << err.str();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, ModelDetectionPropagatesMetadataReadErrors) {
-    TableFixture fixture;
-    using Command =
-        int (*)(const tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs&, storage::TsFileReader&,
-                tsfile_cli::OutputFormat, std::ostream&, std::ostream&);
-    const Command commands[] = {tsfile_cli::cmd_ls,    tsfile_cli::cmd_schema,
-                                tsfile_cli::cmd_meta,  tsfile_cli::cmd_stats,
-                                tsfile_cli::cmd_count, tsfile_cli::cmd_head,
-                                tsfile_cli::cmd_cat};
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(commands) / sizeof(commands[0]); ++i) {
-        for (bool persistent : {false, true}) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << i << ":" << persistent);
-            auto* source = new FailingMetadataReadFile;
-            ASSERT_EQ(source->open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
-            storage::TsFileReader reader;
-            ASSERT_EQ(
-                reader.open(
-                    std::unique_ptr<storage::RandomAccessReadFile>(source)),
-                common::E_OK);
-            source->fail_reads = true;
-            source->persistent = persistent;
-            tsfile_cli::ParsedArgs args;
-            args.file = fixture.path;
-            std::ostringstream out;
-            std::ostringstream err;
-            EXPECT_EQ(commands[i](args, reader, tsfile_cli::OutputFormat::kCsv,
-                                  out, err),
-                      2);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(source->failed);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << out.str();
-            EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"), std::string::npos)
-                << err.str();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, MetadataFailurePrecedesModelOptionValidation) {
-    TableFixture fixture;
-    const std::string bytes = read_file(fixture.path);
-    ASSERT_GT(bytes.size(), 17u);
-    // Keep both magic strings and the metadata-size tail, but remove the
-    // metadata body. Opening succeeds; the first schema read must fail.
-    {
-        std::ofstream file(fixture.path, std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
-        file.write(bytes.data(), 7);
-        file.write(bytes.data() + bytes.size() - 10, 10);
-    }
-    storage::TsFileReader reader;
-    ASSERT_EQ(reader.open(fixture.path), common::E_OK);
-    reader.close();
-    for (const std::string& command :
-         {"ls", "schema", "meta", "stats", "count", "head", "cat"}) {
-        for (bool table_option : {false, true}) {
-            if (table_option && command != "head" && command != "cat" &&
-                command != "schema") {
-                continue;
-            }
-            SCOPED_TRACE(command + (table_option ? ":table" : ":auto"));
-            std::vector<std::string> args = {command};
-            if (table_option) {
-                args.insert(args.end(), {"-t", "table1"});
-            }
-            args.push_back(fixture.path);
-            std::ostringstream out;
-            std::ostringstream err;
-            EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err), 2);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << out.str();
-            EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read"), std::string::npos)
-                << err.str();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, HelpListsExactlyCurrentCommandSurface) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"--help"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(
-                  "ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("sample"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples) {
-    const std::vector<std::string> commands = {
-        "ls",     "schema", "meta", "stats",  "count",
-        "sketch", "head",   "cat",  "export", "write"};
-    for (const auto& command : commands) {
-        std::ostringstream out;
-        std::ostringstream err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({command, "--help"}, out, err), 0)
-            << command;
-        EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty()) << command << ": " << err.str();
-        EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("Usage: tsfile-cli " + command),
-                  std::string::npos)
-            << command << ": " << out.str();
-        EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("Result fields:"), std::string::npos)
-            << command << ": " << out.str();
-        EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("Examples:"), std::string::npos)
-            << command << ": " << out.str();
-        EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("Commands:"), std::string::npos)
-            << command << ": " << out.str();
-    }
-
-    std::ostringstream meta_out;
-    std::ostringstream meta_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"meta", "--help"}, meta_out, meta_err), 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(meta_err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(meta_out.str().find("Usage: tsfile-cli meta"), std::string::npos)
-        << meta_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(meta_out.str().find("Result fields:"), std::string::npos)
-        << meta_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(meta_out.str().find("size_bytes,format_version,model"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << meta_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(meta_out.str().find("Examples:"), std::string::npos)
-        << meta_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(meta_out.str().find("Commands:"), std::string::npos)
-        << meta_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream write_out;
-    std::ostringstream write_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "-h"}, write_out, write_err), 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(write_err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(write_out.str().find("Usage: tsfile-cli write"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << write_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(write_out.str().find("--field <name> <type>"), std::string::npos)
-        << write_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(write_out.str().find("Default: success is silent"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << write_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(write_out.str().find("Examples:"), std::string::npos)
-        << write_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_out.str().find("Commands:"), std::string::npos)
-        << write_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, SkillShipsRequiredReferenceFiles) {
-    const std::string root = std::string(TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR) +
-                             "/tools/skills/tsfile-cli/references/";
-    const std::vector<std::string> refs = {"commands.md", "errors.md",
-                                           "examples.md"};
-    for (const auto& ref : refs) {
-        std::ifstream in(root + ref);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(in.good()) << ref;
-        std::ostringstream body;
-        body << in.rdbuf();
-        EXPECT_NE(body.str().find("tsfile-cli"), std::string::npos)
-            << root + ref;
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, SampleIsNotACommand) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sample", "x.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("Unknown command"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, VersionIncludesConcreteBuildMetadata) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"--version"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("tsfile-cli "), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(" tsfile="), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(" commit="), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(" built="), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("unknown"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly) {
-    TableFixture f;
-
-    std::ostringstream ndjson_out;
-    std::ostringstream ndjson_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--start", "0", "--end",
-                                   "0", "-f", "ndjson", f.path},
-                                  ndjson_out, ndjson_err),
-              0)
-        << ndjson_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ndjson_out.str(),
-              "{\"time\":\"0\",\"id1\":\"id1_field_1\",\"id2\":"
-              "\"id2_field_2\",\"s1\":\"0\"}\n");
-
-    std::ostringstream json_out;
-    std::ostringstream json_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "json", f.path}, json_out, json_err),
-        1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(json_out.str().empty());
-
-    std::ostringstream tsv_out;
-    std::ostringstream tsv_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "tsv", f.path}, tsv_out, tsv_err), 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tsv_out.str().empty());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "csv", "-f", "ndjson", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--format specified more than once"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-
-    const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> duplicate_singletons = {
-        {"cat", "-n", "1", "--limit", "2", f.path},
-        {"cat", "--offset", "0", "--offset", "1", f.path},
-        {"cat", "--start", "0", "--start", "1", f.path},
-        {"cat", "--end", "1", "--end", "2", f.path},
-        {"export", "-t", "table1", "--type", "csv", "-o", "a.csv", "--output",
-         "b.csv", f.path},
-        {"export", "-t", "table1", "--type", "csv", "--output-dir", "a",
-         "--output-dir", "b", f.path},
-        {"export", "-t", "table1", "--type", "csv", "-o", "a.csv", "--force",
-         "--force", f.path},
-    };
-    for (const std::vector<std::string>& args : duplicate_singletons) {
-        std::ostringstream dup_out;
-        std::ostringstream dup_err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, dup_out, dup_err), 1)
-            << dup_err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(dup_out.str().empty());
-        EXPECT_NE(dup_err.str().find("specified more than once"),
-                  std::string::npos)
-            << dup_err.str();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash) {
-    TableFixture f;
-
-    std::ostringstream bad_out;
-    std::ostringstream bad_err;
-    int bad_code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", f.path, "-f", "csv"}, bad_out, bad_err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(bad_code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(bad_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(bad_err.str().find("Unexpected argument after file"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << bad_err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream ok_out;
-    std::ostringstream ok_err;
-    int ok_code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--", f.path}, ok_out, ok_err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ok_code, 0) << ok_err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ok_err.str().empty());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream comma_out;
-    std::ostringstream comma_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1,s2", f.path}, comma_out,
-                                  comma_err),
-              1);
-
-    std::ostringstream dup_out;
-    std::ostringstream dup_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "-m", "s1", f.path},
-                                  dup_out, dup_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_NE(dup_err.str().find("specified more than once"), std::string::npos)
-        << dup_err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, MetaOnlyReturnsSizeFormatVersionAndModel) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"meta", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().substr(
-                  0, std::string("size_bytes,format_version,model\n").size()),
-              "size_bytes,format_version,model\n")
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("path"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("device_count"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "model,object\ntable,table1\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().substr(
-                  0, std::string("model,object,column,category,data_type,"
-                                 "encoding,compression\n")
-                         .size()),
-              "model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression\n")
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,id1,TAG,STRING"), std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,s1,FIELD,INT64"), std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, HeadCatAndExportRejectOffsetWithZeroLimit) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_zero_limit_export", ".csv");
-
-    std::ostringstream head_out;
-    std::ostringstream head_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"head", "-n", "0", "--offset", "1", f.path},
-                                  head_out, head_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(head_out.str().empty());
-
-    std::ostringstream cat_out;
-    std::ostringstream cat_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-n", "0", "--offset", "1", f.path},
-                                  cat_out, cat_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(cat_out.str().empty());
-
-    std::ostringstream export_out;
-    std::ostringstream export_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-t", "table1", "--type", "csv", "-o",
-                             out_path, "-n", "0", "--offset", "1", f.path},
-                            export_out, export_err),
-        1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(export_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(file_exists(out_path));
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, HeadAndCatRequireScopeForMultiObjectFiles) {
-    MultiTableFixture f;
-
-    std::ostringstream cat_out;
-    std::ostringstream cat_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                  cat_out, cat_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(cat_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(cat_err.str().find("requires -t/--table"), std::string::npos)
-        << cat_err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream head_out;
-    std::ostringstream head_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"head", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                  head_out, head_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(head_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(head_err.str().find("requires -t/--table"), std::string::npos)
-        << head_err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_req_in", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,id1,s1\n0,dev,0\n1,dev,10\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_req_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t1", "--tag", "id1", "STRING", "--field", "s1",
-         "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(file_exists(out_path));
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", out_path},
-                                  rout, rerr),
-              0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(rout.str(), "time,id1,s1\n0,dev,0\n1,dev,10\n");
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteMapsInputByHeaderName) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_header_order", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "temp,time,site\n21.5,1000,beijing\n22.0,2000,shanghai\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_header_order_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "sensors", "--tag", "site", "STRING", "--field",
-         "temp", "FLOAT", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-t", "sensors", "-f", "csv", out_path}, rout, rerr),
-              0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(rout.str(),
-              "time,site,temp\n1000,beijing,21.5\n2000,shanghai,22\n");
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput) {
-    struct Case {
-        const char* name;
-        const char* content;
-        const char* needle;
-    };
-    const Case cases[] = {
-        {"missing", "time,site\n1000,beijing\n", "missing required column"},
-        {"undeclared", "time,site,temp,status\n1000,beijing,21.5,true\n",
-         "undeclared column"},
-        {"duplicate", "time,site,temp,TEMP\n1000,beijing,21.5,22.0\n",
-         "conflict"},
-    };
-    for (const Case& c : cases) {
-        std::string csv = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            std::string("tsfile_cli_header_") + c.name, ".csv");
-        {
-            std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-            o << c.content;
-        }
-        std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            std::string("tsfile_cli_header_out_") + c.name, ".tsfile");
-
-        std::ostringstream out;
-        std::ostringstream err;
-        int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-            {"write", "--table", "sensors", "--tag", "site", "STRING",
-             "--field", "temp", "FLOAT", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-            out, err);
-        EXPECT_EQ(code, 2) << c.name << " " << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-        EXPECT_NE(err.str().find(c.needle), std::string::npos)
-            << c.name << " " << err.str();
-        EXPECT_FALSE(file_exists(out_path));
-
-        std::remove(csv.c_str());
-        std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_type_override", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,site,temp,humidity\n"
-             "1000,beijing,21.0,40.5\n"
-             "2000,beijing,21.5,41.0\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_type_override_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write",      "--table",      "sensors",  "--tag",
-         "site",       "STRING",       "--field",  "temp",
-         "FLOAT",      "--field",      "humidity", "FLOAT",
-         "--encoding", "FLOAT",        "GORILLA",  "--compression",
-         "FLOAT",      "UNCOMPRESSED", "-i",       csv,
-         "-o",         out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream schema_out;
-    std::ostringstream schema_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-t", "sensors", "-f", "csv", out_path},
-                            schema_out, schema_err),
-        0)
-        << schema_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(schema_out.str().find(
-                  "table,sensors,temp,FIELD,FLOAT,GORILLA,UNCOMPRESSED\n"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << schema_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(schema_out.str().find(
-                  "table,sensors,humidity,FIELD,FLOAT,GORILLA,UNCOMPRESSED\n"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << schema_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream dup_out;
-    std::ostringstream dup_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"write", "--table", "sensors", "--field", "temp", "FLOAT",
-                   "--encoding", "FLOAT", "GORILLA", "--encoding", "FLOAT",
-                   "PLAIN", "--stdin", "-o", "unused.tsfile"},
-                  dup_out, dup_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_NE(dup_err.str().find("specified more than once"), std::string::npos)
-        << dup_err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream unused_out;
-    std::ostringstream unused_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "sensors", "--field",
-                                   "temp", "FLOAT", "--encoding", "DOUBLE",
-                                   "GORILLA", "--stdin", "-o", "unused.tsfile"},
-                                  unused_out, unused_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_NE(unused_err.str().find("not used"), std::string::npos)
-        << unused_err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream bad_out;
-    std::ostringstream bad_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "binary_data", "--field",
-                                   "payload", "BLOB", "--encoding", "BLOB",
-                                   "GORILLA", "--stdin", "-o", "unused.tsfile"},
-                                  bad_out, bad_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_NE(bad_err.str().find("not supported"), std::string::npos)
-        << bad_err.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteRejectsExistingOutputWithoutTruncating) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_existing_in", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n0,10\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_existing_out", ".tsfile");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(out_path.c_str());
-        o << "keep-me";
-    }
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 3);
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(out_path), "keep-me");
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteRejectsNonRegularInputBeforeCreatingOutput) {
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    std::string dir =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_input_dir", "");
-    ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(dir.c_str(), 0777), 0);
-    std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_input_dir_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", dir, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(file_exists(out_path));
-
-    rmdir(dir.c_str());
-#endif
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors) {
-    const char* bad_times[] = {"+1", "01", "-0"};
-    for (const char* bad_time : bad_times) {
-        std::string csv =
-            tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_bad_time", ".csv");
-        {
-            std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-            o << "time,s1\n" << bad_time << ",10\n";
-        }
-        std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_out", ".tsfile");
-        std::ostringstream out;
-        std::ostringstream err;
-        int code =
-            tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1",
-                                 "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                out, err);
-        EXPECT_EQ(code, 2) << bad_time << " " << err.str();
-        EXPECT_FALSE(file_exists(out_path)) << bad_time;
-        std::remove(csv.c_str());
-        std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_target", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        o << "time,s1\n0,1\n";
-    }
-
-    std::ostringstream same_out;
-    std::ostringstream same_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1",
-                                   "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", csv},
-                                  same_out, same_err),
-              3);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(same_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(same_err.str().find("same as the input"), std::string::npos)
-        << same_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(csv), "time,s1\n0,1\n");
-
-    std::string parent =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_missing_parent", "");
-    std::string child = parent + "/out.tsfile";
-    std::ostringstream parent_out;
-    std::ostringstream parent_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1",
-                                   "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", child},
-                                  parent_out, parent_err),
-              3);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(parent_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(parent_err.str().find("cannot create output"), std::string::npos)
-        << parent_err.str();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(file_exists(child));
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_tag_null", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,site,temp\n1000,\\N,21.0\n1000,\"\",22.0\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_tag_null_out", ".tsfile");
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"write", "--table", "sensors", "--tag", "site", "STRING",
-                   "--field", "temp", "FLOAT", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                  out, err),
-              0)
-        << err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream cat_out;
-    std::ostringstream cat_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-t", "sensors", "-f", "ndjson", out_path},
-                            cat_out, cat_err),
-        0)
-        << cat_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(cat_out.str().find("\"site\":null"), std::string::npos)
-        << cat_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(cat_out.str().find("\"site\":\"\""), std::string::npos)
-        << cat_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(cat_out.str().find("\"temp\":21"), std::string::npos)
-        << cat_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(cat_out.str().find("\"temp\":22"), std::string::npos)
-        << cat_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream count_out;
-    std::ostringstream count_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-t", "sensors", "-m", "site", "-f",
-                                   "csv", out_path},
-                                  count_out, count_err),
-              0)
-        << count_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find("table,sensors,site,TAG,2,2"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,site,temp\n1000,\"beijing,21.0\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote_out", ".tsfile");
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"write", "--table", "sensors", "--tag", "site", "STRING",
-                   "--field", "temp", "FLOAT", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                  out, err),
-              2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("unterminated quoted CSV field"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(file_exists(out_path));
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, LegacyColumnsOptionIsRejected) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--columns",
-                                    "legacy", "-o", "x.tsfile", "--stdin"},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("Unknown flag: --columns"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag) {
-    std::ostringstream implicit_out;
-    std::ostringstream implicit_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1",
-                                   "INT64", "-o", "x.tsfile", "in.csv"},
-                                  implicit_out, implicit_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_NE(
-        implicit_err.str().find("choose exactly one of --input or --stdin"),
-        std::string::npos)
-        << implicit_err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream format_out;
-    std::ostringstream format_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t1", "--field", "s1", "INT64",
-                             "-f", "csv", "--stdin", "-o", "x.tsfile"},
-                            format_out, format_err),
-        1);
-    EXPECT_NE(format_err.str().find("--format is not valid"), std::string::npos)
-        << format_err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_export", ".csv");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-t", "table1", "-o", out_path,
-                                    "--type", "csv", "-m", "s1", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-
-    std::ostringstream cat_out;
-    std::ostringstream cat_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-t", "table1", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                  cat_out, cat_err),
-              0)
-        << cat_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(out_path), cat_out.str());
-
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-#ifndef _WIN32
-TEST(CliRequirements, ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::string sentinel =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_export_sentinel", ".txt");
-    std::string symlink_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_export_link", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream file(sentinel.c_str());
-        file << "sentinel";
-    }
-    ASSERT_EQ(symlink(sentinel.c_str(), symlink_path.c_str()), 0);
-
-    std::ostringstream link_out;
-    std::ostringstream link_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-t", "table1", "-o", symlink_path,
-                                   "--type", "csv", "--force", f.path},
-                                  link_out, link_err),
-              3);
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(sentinel), "sentinel");
-
-    std::string fifo_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_export_fifo", ".csv");
-    ASSERT_EQ(mkfifo(fifo_path.c_str(), 0600), 0);
-    std::ostringstream fifo_out;
-    std::ostringstream fifo_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-t", "table1", "-o", fifo_path,
-                                   "--type", "csv", "--force", f.path},
-                                  fifo_out, fifo_err),
-              3);
-
-    std::remove(symlink_path.c_str());
-    std::remove(sentinel.c_str());
-    std::remove(fifo_path.c_str());
-}
-#endif
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles) {
-    MultiTableFixture f;
-    std::string dir =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_multi_export", "");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"export", "-t", "sensors_a", "-t", "sensors_b", "--output-dir", dir,
-         "--type", "csv", "-m", "s1", f.path},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(dir + "/0001.csv"),
-              "time,id1,s1\n0,sensors_a_tag,10\n");
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(dir + "/0002.csv"),
-              "time,id1,s1\n0,sensors_b_tag,20\n");
-    std::string manifest = read_file(dir + "/_manifest.json");
-    EXPECT_NE(manifest.find("\"complete\": true"), std::string::npos)
-        << manifest;
-    EXPECT_NE(manifest.find("\"file\":\"0001.csv\""), std::string::npos)
-        << manifest;
-    EXPECT_NE(manifest.find("\"object\":\"sensors_b\""), std::string::npos)
-        << manifest;
-    EXPECT_NE(manifest.find("\"rows\":\"1\""), std::string::npos) << manifest;
-
-    std::remove((dir + "/0001.csv").c_str());
-    std::remove((dir + "/0002.csv").c_str());
-    std::remove((dir + "/_manifest.json").c_str());
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    rmdir(dir.c_str());
-#endif
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch) {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_tag_filter_fixture();
-    std::ostringstream missing_out;
-    std::ostringstream missing_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1", "eq", "dev_a",
-                   "--tag-filter", "id1", "eq", "dev_c", "-f", "csv", path},
-                  missing_out, missing_err),
-              1);
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1", "eq",
-                             "dev_a", "--tag-filter", "id1", "eq", "dev_c",
-                             "--tag-match", "any", "-f", "csv", path},
-                            out, err),
-        0)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "time,id1,s1\n0,dev_a,10\n3,dev_c,40\n");
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, SketchRejectsRegularResultFormat) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(err.str(),
-              "Error: sketch does not accept --format; its output follows "
-              "printSketch\n" +
-                  global_usage());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput) {
-    TableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream stdout_out;
-    std::ostringstream stdout_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", f.path}, stdout_out, stdout_err),
-              0)
-        << stdout_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(stdout_err.str(), "");
-
-    std::string output =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_sketch", ".txt");
-    std::ostringstream file_out;
-    std::ostringstream file_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", "-o", output, f.path}, file_out,
-                                  file_err),
-              0)
-        << file_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(file_out.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(file_err.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(output), stdout_out.str());
-
-    const std::string sentinel = "do not replace";
-    {
-        std::ofstream existing(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        existing << sentinel;
-    }
-    std::ostringstream no_force_out;
-    std::ostringstream no_force_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", "-o", output, f.path},
-                                  no_force_out, no_force_err),
-              3);
-    EXPECT_EQ(no_force_out.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(no_force_err.str(),
-              "Error: output target '" + output +
-                  "' already exists; use --force to replace a regular file\n");
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(output), sentinel);
-
-    std::ostringstream force_out;
-    std::ostringstream force_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", "-o", output, "--force", f.path},
-                                  force_out, force_err),
-              0)
-        << force_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(force_out.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(force_err.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(output), stdout_out.str());
-
-    const std::string source_before = read_file(f.path);
-    std::ostringstream alias_out;
-    std::ostringstream alias_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", "-o", f.path, "--force", f.path},
-                                  alias_out, alias_err),
-              3);
-    EXPECT_EQ(alias_out.str(), "");
-    EXPECT_EQ(alias_err.str(), "Error: output target '" + f.path +
-                                   "' is the same as the input file '" +
-                                   f.path + "'\n");
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_file(f.path), source_before);
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliRequirements, ModelDetectionPrefersTableSchemaAndFallsBackToTree) {
-    TableFixture table;
-    storage::TsFileReader table_reader;
-    ASSERT_EQ(table_reader.open(table.path), common::E_OK);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(table_reader.get_all_table_schemas().empty());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(table_reader.get_all_device_ids().empty());
-    table_reader.close();
-
-    std::ostringstream table_out;
-    std::ostringstream table_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-f", "csv", table.path}, table_out,
-                                  table_err),
-              0)
-        << table_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(table_out.str(), "model,object\ntable,table1\n");
-
-    std::string tree_path = tsfile_cli_test::write_sparse_tree_fixture();
-    storage::TsFileReader tree_reader;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tree_reader.open(tree_path), common::E_OK);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tree_reader.get_all_table_schemas().empty());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(tree_reader.get_all_device_ids().empty());
-    tree_reader.close();
-
-    std::ostringstream tree_out;
-    std::ostringstream tree_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-f", "csv", tree_path}, tree_out, tree_err),
-        0)
-        << tree_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(tree_out.str(), "model,object\ntree,root.test.d1\n");
-    std::remove(tree_path.c_str());
-}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/command_e2e_test.cc b/cpp/test/tools/command_e2e_test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index e3af86ab1..000000000
--- a/cpp/test/tools/command_e2e_test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2073 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * License); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <direct.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "cli/run_cli.h"
-#include "cli_test_util.h"
-#include "format/input_format.h"
-
-namespace {
-
-struct Fixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_table_fixture();
-    ~Fixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-struct TagFilterFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_tag_filter_fixture();
-    ~TagFilterFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-struct MultiTableFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_multi_table_fixture();
-    ~MultiTableFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-struct DisjointTableFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_disjoint_table_fixture();
-    ~DisjointTableFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-struct SparseTreeFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_sparse_tree_fixture();
-    ~SparseTreeFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-struct DisjointTreeFixture {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_disjoint_tree_fixture();
-    ~DisjointTreeFixture() { std::remove(path.c_str()); }
-};
-
-class FlushFailingStreamBuf : public std::stringbuf {
-   protected:
-    int sync() override { return -1; }
-};
-
-size_t count_lines(const std::string& s) {
-    size_t n = 0;
-    for (char c : s) {
-        if (c == '\n') {
-            ++n;
-        }
-    }
-    return n;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST(CliE2E, LsListsTableNameTsv) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "model,object\ntable,table1\n");
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, LsRejectsNoHeader) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-f", "csv", "--no-header", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--no-header"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, OpenMissingFileReturnsFileError) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "definitely_missing.tsfile"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(err.str().empty());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, SchemaShowsFieldColumnAndType) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,"
-                             "compression"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("s1"), std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("INT64"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,s1,FIELD,INT64"), std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("table1,id1"), std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("table1,id2"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, SchemaTableMeasurementFilterIsCaseInsensitive) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-m", "S1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,s1,FIELD,INT64"), std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, SchemaRejectsMissingTableBeforeWritingOutput) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"schema", "-t", "missing", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("does not exist"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("model,object,tag.id1,tag.id2,field,data_type,"
-                             "non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,"
-                             "max,first,last,sum,stats_source"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,s1,INT64,"
-                             "5,0,0,4,0,40,0,40,\\N,statistics"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields) {
-    // Filtered metadata must preserve the shared time statistic so the
-    // footer's row count and each field's non-null count determine null_count.
-    const std::string csv_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_null_count", ".csv");
-    const std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_null_count", ".tsfile");
-    {
-        std::ofstream csv(csv_path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(csv.good());
-        csv << "time,site,temp,note\n"
-               "1000,beijing,20,n0\n"
-               "2000,shanghai,21,n1\n"
-               "3000,beijing,22,\\N\n"
-               "4000,shanghai,23,n3\n";
-    }
-    std::ostringstream wout, werr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "sensors", "--tag", "site",
-                             "STRING", "--field", "temp", "FLOAT", "--field",
-                             "note", "TEXT", "-i", csv_path, "-o", out_path},
-                            wout, werr),
-        0)
-        << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream out, err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-t", "sensors", "-m", "note", "-f",
-                                   "csv", out_path},
-                                  out, err),
-              0)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty()) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "model,object,tag.site,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,"
-              "min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source\n"
-              "table,sensors,beijing,note,TEXT,1,1,1000,1000,\\N,\\N,n0,n0,"
-              "\\N,statistics\n"
-              "table,sensors,shanghai,note,TEXT,2,0,2000,4000,\\N,\\N,n1,n3,"
-              "\\N,statistics\n");
-
-    std::remove(csv_path.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, HeadProjectsAndLimits) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"head", "-m", "s1", "-n", "2", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "time,id1,id2,s1\n0,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,0\n1,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,10\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatReturnsAllRows) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(count_lines(out.str()), 6u);
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("time,id1,id2,s1\n"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery) {
-    Fixture f;
-    for (const char* measurement : {"missing", "id1"}) {
-        std::ostringstream out;
-        std::ostringstream err;
-        int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-            {"cat", "-m", measurement, "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-        EXPECT_EQ(code, 1) << measurement << " " << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << measurement;
-        EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("FIELD"), std::string::npos)
-            << measurement << " " << err.str();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatTableProjectionIsCaseInsensitive) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "S1", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "time,id1,id2,s1\n0,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,0\n1,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,10\n2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20\n3,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,30\n4,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,40\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"cat", "-m", "s1", "--offset", "2", "-n", "2", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "time,id1,id2,s1\n2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20\n3,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,30\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, HeadPushesDownOffsetAndLimit) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"head", "-m", "s1", "--offset", "1", "-n", "3", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "time,id1,id2,s1\n1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,10\n2,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,20\n3,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,30\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatWithTimeRange) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"cat", "-m", "s1", "--start", "2", "--end", "3", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "time,id1,id2,s1\n2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20\n3,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,30\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatAppliesOffsetAfterTimeRange) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--start", "1", "--end", "4",
-                             "--offset", "1", "-n", "2", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                            out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "time,id1,id2,s1\n2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20\n3,id1_field_1,"
-              "id2_field_2,30\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatFiltersRowsByTagEq) {
-    TagFilterFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1",
-                                    "eq", "dev_b", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "time,id1,s1\n1,dev_b,20\n2,dev_b,30\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, HeadFiltersRowsByTagRegexp) {
-    TagFilterFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"head", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1", "regexp", "dev_[bc]", "-n",
-         "10", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "time,id1,s1\n1,dev_b,20\n2,dev_b,30\n3,dev_c,40\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, TagFilterRejectsFieldColumn) {
-    TagFilterFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "s1",
-                                    "eq", "20", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("invalid tag filter column"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull) {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_nullable_tag_filter_fixture();
-
-    struct Case {
-        std::vector<std::string> filter;
-        std::string expected_row;
-    };
-    const std::vector<Case> cases = {
-        {{"id1", "is-null"}, "0,\\N,10\n"},
-        {{"id1", "eq", ""}, "1,\"\",20\n"},
-        {{"id1", "eq", "null"}, "2,null,30\n"},
-    };
-    for (const Case& test_case : cases) {
-        std::vector<std::string> args = {"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter"};
-        args.insert(args.end(), test_case.filter.begin(),
-                    test_case.filter.end());
-        args.insert(args.end(), {"-f", "csv", path});
-        std::ostringstream out;
-        std::ostringstream err;
-        ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err), 0) << err.str();
-        EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "time,id1,s1\n" + test_case.expected_row);
-    }
-
-    std::ostringstream not_null_out;
-    std::ostringstream not_null_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1",
-                                   "not-null", "-f", "csv", path},
-                                  not_null_out, not_null_err),
-              0)
-        << not_null_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(not_null_out.str().find("0,\\N,10"), std::string::npos)
-        << not_null_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(not_null_out.str().find("1,\"\",20"), std::string::npos)
-        << not_null_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream neq_out;
-    std::ostringstream neq_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1",
-                                   "neq", "dev_a", "-f", "csv", path},
-                                  neq_out, neq_err),
-              0)
-        << neq_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(neq_out.str().find("0,\\N,10"), std::string::npos)
-        << neq_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(neq_out.str().find("3,dev_a,40"), std::string::npos)
-        << neq_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(neq_out.str().find("4,dev_b,50"), std::string::npos)
-        << neq_out.str();
-
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns) {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_nullable_tag_filter_fixture();
-
-    std::ostringstream substring_out;
-    std::ostringstream substring_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1",
-                                   "regexp", "dev", "-f", "csv", path},
-                                  substring_out, substring_err),
-              0)
-        << substring_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(substring_out.str(), "time,id1,s1\n");
-
-    std::ostringstream full_out;
-    std::ostringstream full_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1",
-                                   "regexp", "dev_.*", "-f", "csv", path},
-                                  full_out, full_err),
-              0)
-        << full_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(full_out.str().find("3,dev_a,40"), std::string::npos)
-        << full_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(full_out.str().find("4,dev_b,50"), std::string::npos)
-        << full_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream invalid_out;
-    std::ostringstream invalid_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1",
-                                   "regexp", "[", "-f", "csv", path},
-                                  invalid_out, invalid_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(invalid_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(invalid_err.str().find("invalid regular expression"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << invalid_err.str();
-
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, MultipleTagFiltersHonorAll) {
-    std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_nullable_tag_filter_fixture();
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--tag-filter", "id1", "neq",
-                             "dev_a", "--tag-filter", "id1", "regexp", "dev_.*",
-                             "--tag-match", "all", "-f", "csv", path},
-                            out, err),
-        0)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(), "time,id1,s1\n4,dev_b,50\n");
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream exact_out;
-    std::ostringstream exact_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-m", "s1", "--offset", "5", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                  exact_out, exact_err),
-              0)
-        << exact_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(exact_out.str(), "time,id1,id2,s1\n");
-
-    std::ostringstream excessive_out;
-    std::ostringstream excessive_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-m", "s1", "--offset", "6", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                  excessive_out, excessive_err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(excessive_out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(excessive_err.str().find("offset exceeds matched row count"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << excessive_err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, ZeroLimitUsesEachFormatsZeroRowContract) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream csv_out;
-    std::ostringstream csv_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "-n", "0", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                            csv_out, csv_err),
-        0)
-        << csv_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(csv_out.str(), "time,id1,id2,s1\n");
-
-    std::ostringstream ndjson_out;
-    std::ostringstream ndjson_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-m", "s1", "-n", "0", "-f", "ndjson", f.path},
-                  ndjson_out, ndjson_err),
-              0)
-        << ndjson_err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ndjson_out.str().empty());
-
-    std::ostringstream table_out;
-    std::ostringstream table_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"cat", "-m", "s1", "-n", "0", "-f", "table", f.path},
-                  table_out, table_err),
-              0)
-        << table_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(table_out.str().find("time"), std::string::npos)
-        << table_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(table_out.str().find("s1"), std::string::npos) << table_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(table_out.str().find("id1_field_1"), std::string::npos)
-        << table_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CatJsonIsNdjson) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "--start", "0", "--end",
-                                    "0", "-f", "ndjson", f.path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str(),
-              "{\"time\":\"0\",\"id1\":\"id1_field_1\",\"id2\":"
-              "\"id2_field_2\",\"s1\":\"0\"}\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, StdoutFlushFailureReturnsRuntimeError) {
-    Fixture f;
-    FlushFailingStreamBuf buffer;
-    std::ostream out(&buffer);
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err), 3);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("failed to read rows"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, MetaReportsFileSummary) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"meta", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("size_bytes,format_version,model\n"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(",4,table\n"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, MetaReportsFileHeaderVersionWithoutConstrainingReader) {
-    SparseTreeFixture f;
-    std::fstream file(f.path.c_str(),
-                      std::ios::in | std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(file.good());
-    file.seekp(storage::MAGIC_STRING_TSFILE_LEN);
-    file.put(static_cast<char>(3));
-    file.close();
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"meta", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err), 0)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(",3,tree\n"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_"
-                             "count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,"
-                             "max_time,time_source"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,id1,TAG,5,1,5,0,0,4,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("table,table1,s1,FIELD,5,1,5,0,0,4,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(out.str().find("total"), std::string::npos) << out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables) {
-    MultiTableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream count_out;
-    std::ostringstream count_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", f.path}, count_out,
-                                  count_err),
-              0)
-        << count_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find("table,sensors_a,s1,FIELD,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find("table,sensors_b,s1,FIELD,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream stats_out;
-    std::ostringstream stats_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-f", "csv", f.path}, stats_out,
-                                  stats_err),
-              0)
-        << stats_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find("table,sensors_a,sensors_a_tag,s1,INT64"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find("table,sensors_b,sensors_b_tag,s1,INT64"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables) {
-    DisjointTableFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream count_out;
-    std::ostringstream count_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-m", "S1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                  count_out, count_err),
-              0)
-        << count_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find("table,sensors_a,s1,FIELD"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(count_out.str().find("table,sensors_b"), std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream stats_out;
-    std::ostringstream stats_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-m", "S1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                  stats_out, stats_err),
-              0)
-        << stats_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find("table,sensors_a,sensors_a_tag,s1,INT64"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(stats_out.str().find("table,sensors_b"), std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices) {
-    DisjointTreeFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream count_out;
-    std::ostringstream count_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-m", "left", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                  count_out, count_err),
-              0)
-        << count_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find("tree,root.test.d1,left,FIELD"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(count_out.str().find("tree,root.test.d2"), std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream stats_out;
-    std::ostringstream stats_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-m", "left", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                                  stats_out, stats_err),
-              0)
-        << stats_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find("tree,root.test.d1,left,INT32"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(stats_out.str().find("tree,root.test.d2"), std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion) {
-    SparseTreeFixture f;
-    std::ostringstream count_out;
-    std::ostringstream count_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", f.path}, count_out,
-                                  count_err),
-              0)
-        << count_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find(
-                  "tree,root.test.d1,left,FIELD,3,\\N,2,1,0,2,statistics"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find(
-                  "tree,root.test.d1,right,FIELD,3,\\N,2,1,1,2,statistics"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream stats_out;
-    std::ostringstream stats_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-f", "csv", f.path}, stats_out,
-                                  stats_err),
-              0)
-        << stats_err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find(
-                  "tree,root.test.d1,left,INT32,2,1,0,2,10,20,10,20,30,"
-                  "statistics"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find(
-                  "tree,root.test.d1,right,BOOLEAN,2,1,1,2,\\N,\\N,true,false,"
-                  "1,statistics"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames) {
-    // A single-device tree file queried without -d resolves the only device
-    // implicitly. Result columns must still be bare measurement names (FIELD),
-    // not "device.measurement" (TsFile-143 / requirement 3.1.4.2 examples).
-    SparseTreeFixture f;
-
-    std::ostringstream ndjson_out;
-    std::ostringstream ndjson_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"head", "-m", "left", "-n", "1", "-f", "ndjson", f.path},
-                  ndjson_out, ndjson_err),
-              0)
-        << ndjson_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ndjson_out.str(), "{\"time\":\"0\",\"left\":10}\n");
-
-    std::ostringstream csv_out;
-    std::ostringstream csv_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"head", "-f", "csv", f.path}, csv_out, csv_err), 0)
-        << csv_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(csv_out.str(),
-              "time,left,right\n"
-              "0,10,\\N\n"
-              "1,\\N,true\n"
-              "2,20,false\n");
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, MetadataTableFilterIsCaseInsensitive) {
-    Fixture f;
-
-    std::ostringstream schema_out;
-    std::ostringstream schema_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-t", "TABLE1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                            schema_out, schema_err),
-        0);
-    EXPECT_NE(schema_out.str().find("table,table1,s1,FIELD,INT64"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << schema_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream count_out;
-    std::ostringstream count_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-t", "TABLE1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                            count_out, count_err),
-        0);
-    EXPECT_NE(count_out.str().find("table,table1,s1,FIELD,5,1,5,0,0,4,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << count_out.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream stats_out;
-    std::ostringstream stats_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "-t", "TABLE1", "-f", "csv", f.path},
-                            stats_out, stats_err),
-        0);
-    EXPECT_NE(stats_out.str().find("table,table1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,s1,"
-                                   "INT64,5,0,0,4,0,40,0,40,\\N,statistics"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << stats_out.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteThenReadRoundTrip) {
-    std::string csv_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_write_in", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv_path.c_str());
-        o << "time,id1,s1\n0,dev,0\n1,dev,10\n2,dev,20\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_write_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t1", "--tag", "id1", "STRING", "--field", "s1",
-         "INT64", "-i", csv_path, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream cout_;
-    std::ostringstream cerr_;
-    int cc =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", out_path}, cout_, cerr_);
-    EXPECT_EQ(cc, 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(cout_.str().find("table,t1,s1,FIELD,3,1,3,0,0,2,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << cout_.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    int rc = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-m", "s1", "-f", "csv", out_path},
-                                 rout, rerr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(rc, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(rout.str(), "time,id1,s1\n0,dev,0\n1,dev,10\n2,dev,20\n");
-
-    std::remove(csv_path.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless) {
-    std::string csv_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_fp_in", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv_path.c_str());
-        o << "time,id1,f1,d1\n0,dev,0.1,0.1\n1,dev,3.4028235,"
-             "3.141592653589793\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_fp_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t1", "--tag", "id1", "STRING", "--field", "f1",
-         "FLOAT", "--field", "d1", "DOUBLE", "-i", csv_path, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    int rc = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "ndjson", out_path}, rout, rerr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rc, 0) << rerr.str();
-    // Default ostream precision (6 sig digits) would print 0.1 / 3.40282 and
-    // lose bits; max_digits10 keeps every digit needed to round-trip.
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("0.100000001"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("3.40282345"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("3.1415926535897931"), std::string::npos)
-        << rout.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv_path.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline) {
-    std::string csv_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_nl_in", ".csv");
-    {
-        // Keep the fixture's LF bytes unchanged on Windows as well.
-        std::ofstream o(csv_path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        // The note field on the first row spans two physical lines inside
-        // quotes; it must import as a single row, not be split into two.
-        o << "time,id1,note\n0,dev,\"line one\nline two\"\n1,dev,plain\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_nl_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t1", "--tag", "id1", "STRING", "--field", "note",
-         "TEXT", "-i", csv_path, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream cout_;
-    std::ostringstream cerr_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", out_path}, cout_, cerr_), 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(cout_.str().find("table,t1,note,FIELD,2,1,2,0,0,1,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << cout_.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "ndjson", out_path}, rout, rerr), 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("line one\\nline two"), std::string::npos)
-        << rout.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv_path.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteMissingColumnsIsUsageError) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t1", "-o", "x.tsfile", "in.csv"}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--field"), std::string::npos);
-}
-
-namespace {
-bool path_exists(const std::string& p) {
-    std::ifstream in(p.c_str());
-    return in.good();
-}
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsOutOfOrderTimestampsAndLeavesNoOutput) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_ooo", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n5,50\n1,10\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_ooo_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("strictly increasing"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("line 3"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(path_exists(out_path)) << "failed import must leave no output";
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_md", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,id,s1\n1,A,10\n1,B,20\n2,A,30\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_md_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "id", "STRING", "--field", "s1",
-         "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream cout_;
-    std::ostringstream cerr_;
-    tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", out_path}, cout_, cerr_);
-    EXPECT_NE(cout_.str().find("table,t,s1,FIELD,3,2,3,0,1,2,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << cout_.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsOutputEqualsInput) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_alias", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n0,1\n";
-    }
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", csv},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 3);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("same as the input"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-    // The input file must be untouched.
-    std::ifstream in(csv.c_str());
-    std::stringstream buf;
-    buf << in.rdbuf();
-    EXPECT_EQ(buf.str(), "time,s1\n0,1\n");
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteFailureOnBadValueLeavesNoOutput) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_badval", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n0,notanumber\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_badval_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(path_exists(out_path));
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsDuplicateColumnNames) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1", "INT64", "--field", "s1",
-         "INT64", "--stdin", "-o", "x.tsfile"},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("duplicate column"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsTagOnlySchema) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "id",
-                                    "STRING", "--stdin", "-o", "x.tsfile"},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--field"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsNonStringTag) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "id", "INT64", "--field", "s1",
-         "INT64", "--stdin", "-o", "x.tsfile"},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("must use STRING"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_case", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,ID,S1\n0,a,1\n";
-    }
-    std::string output =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_case_out", ".tsfile");
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                  {"write", "--table", "Mixed", "--tag", "Id", "STRING",
-                   "--field", "s1", "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", output},
-                  out, err),
-              0)
-        << err.str();
-    std::ostringstream schema_out;
-    std::ostringstream schema_err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-f", "csv", output}, schema_out,
-                                  schema_err),
-              0);
-    EXPECT_NE(schema_out.str().find("table,mixed,id,TAG,STRING"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1", "INT64", "-o", "x.tsfile",
-         "--stdin", "--no-header", "--header-match"},
-        out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--header-match"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, ReadRejectsWriteOnlyFlag) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-o", "x.tsfile", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("only valid for write"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, ReadRejectsWriteColumnFlags) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "--field", "s1", "INT64", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--tag/--field are only valid for write"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, MetaRejectsDeviceScopeFlag) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"meta", "-d", "dev", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("not valid for meta"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, SchemaTableShowsEncodingAndCompression) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"schema", "-f", "csv", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0);
-    // Table-model schema must report the fixture's configured encoding and
-    // compression rather than blanks.
-    EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(",s1,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED\n"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << out.str();
-}
-
-namespace {
-// Run a one-row `write` whose single value cell is `value`, declaring the
-// column as `type`. Returns the exit code; captures stderr into `err`.
-int write_one_value(const std::string& type, const std::string& value,
-                    std::string& err_out) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_ovf", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n0," << value << "\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_ovf_out", ".tsfile");
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                    type, "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    err_out = err.str();
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-    return code;
-}
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsInt32Overflow) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("INT32", "3000000000", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("INT32 out of range"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteAcceptsInt32Boundary) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("INT32", "2147483647", err), 0) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsInt64Overflow) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("INT64", "99999999999999999999999999", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("INT64 out of range"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsDoubleOverflow) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DOUBLE", "1e400", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("DOUBLE out of range"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsNonNumericInt64) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("INT64", "12abc", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("bad INT64"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DATE", "2024-1-1", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("want YYYY-MM-DD"), std::string::npos) << err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DATE", "2024-02-30", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DATE", "2024-02-29", err), 0) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_bom", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        o << "\xEF\xBB\xBFtime,s1\n0,1\n";
-    }
-    std::string output =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_bom_out", ".tsfile");
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                   "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", output},
-                                  out, err),
-              0)
-        << err.str();
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput) {
-    const std::string invalid_utf8 =
-        std::string("time,s1\n0,") + static_cast<char>(0xC3) + "(\n";
-    const std::string misplaced_bom =
-        "time,s1\n0,\xEF\xBB\xBF"
-        "1\n";
-    const std::string inputs[] = {invalid_utf8, misplaced_bom};
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
-        std::string csv =
-            tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_bad_utf8", ".csv");
-        std::string output = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_out", ".tsfile");
-        {
-            std::ofstream file(csv.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-            file.write(inputs[i].data(),
-                       static_cast<std::streamsize>(inputs[i].size()));
-        }
-        std::ostringstream out;
-        std::ostringstream err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                       "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", output},
-                                      out, err),
-                  2)
-            << err.str();
-        std::ifstream target(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        EXPECT_FALSE(target.good());
-        std::remove(csv.c_str());
-        std::remove(output.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "time",
-                                   "INT64", "--stdin", "-o", "unused.tsfile"},
-                                  out, err),
-              1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("reserved"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-
-    out.str("");
-    out.clear();
-    err.str("");
-    err.clear();
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "bad\nname", "--field", "s1",
-                             "INT64", "--stdin", "-o", "unused.tsfile"},
-                            out, err),
-        1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("control"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteFailurePreservesExistingTarget) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_existing", ".csv");
-    std::string output =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_existing_out", ".tsfile");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n0,1\n";
-    }
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(output.c_str());
-        o << "sentinel";
-    }
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                   "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", output},
-                                  out, err),
-              3);
-    std::ifstream existing(output.c_str());
-    std::stringstream content;
-    content << existing.rdbuf();
-    EXPECT_EQ(content.str(), "sentinel");
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsOutOfOrderAcrossBatches) {
-    // More than one 1024-row batch of ascending rows, then a violating
-    // timestamp. The first batch is already flushed by the time the bad row is
-    // read, so this proves both that per-device tracking survives a batch flush
-    // and that the already-written output is removed on failure.
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_xbatch", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n";
-        for (int i = 1; i <= 1100; ++i) {
-            o << i << "," << i << "\n";
-        }
-        o << "500,999\n";  // <= the last timestamp for the tag-less device
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_xbatch_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("strictly increasing"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(path_exists(out_path));
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_large", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n";
-        for (int i = 1; i <= 3000; ++i) {
-            o << i << "," << (i * 2) << "\n";
-        }
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_large_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "big", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream cout_;
-    std::ostringstream cerr_;
-    tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", out_path}, cout_, cerr_);
-    EXPECT_NE(cout_.str().find("table,big,s1,FIELD,3000,1,3000,0,1,3000,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << cout_.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, HelpWithPositionalFileIsUsageError) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "--help", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--help"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, StatsRejectsRowOnlyFlag) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"stats", "--start", "1", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("only valid for head/cat"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, LsRejectsMeasurementsFlag) {
-    Fixture f;
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"ls", "-m", "s1", f.path}, out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("not valid for ls"), std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_tdb", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,id1,ts1,d1,b1\n"
-             "0,dev,1700000000000,2024-01-15,hello\n"
-             "1,dev,1700000000001,2024-12-31,world\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_tdb_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t1", "--tag", "id1", "STRING", "--field", "ts1",
-         "TIMESTAMP", "--field", "d1", "DATE", "--field", "b1", "BLOB", "-o",
-         out_path, "-i", csv},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "csv", out_path}, rout, rerr),
-              0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    // TIMESTAMP stays a decimal string, DATE uses YYYY-MM-DD, and BLOB uses
-    // the external 0x-prefixed lowercase hex lexeme.
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("1700000000000"), std::string::npos)
-        << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("2024-01-15"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("2024-12-31"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("0x68656c6c6f"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("0x776f726c64"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsBadDate) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DATE", "not-a-date", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("bad DATE"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteVerboseEchoesConfig) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_vb", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,s1\n0,1\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_vb_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "vt", "--field", "s1",
-                                    "INT64", "-v", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                                   out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("created model=table object=vt rows=1 output="),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("column=s1 category=FIELD data_type=INT64"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << err.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("source=default"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsHeaderMatch) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_hm", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,wrong\n0,1\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_hm_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code =
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"write", "--table", "t", "--field", "s1", "INT64",
-                             "--header-match", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-                            out, err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(code, 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("--header-match"), std::string::npos) << err.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-// Every column carries a distinct, type-specific value, so the JSON output pins
-// each column name to exactly one value. This is what guards the by-index
-// add_value mapping in cmd_write: if any two columns were written to the wrong
-// slot, a key/value pair below would mismatch.
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_colmap", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,a_bool,b_int,c_long,d_float,e_double,f_str,g_ts,h_date\n"
-             "10,true,42,9000000000,1.5,3.25,hello,1700000000000,2024-06-15\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_colmap_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write",   "--table", "t1",     "--field", "a_bool",   "BOOLEAN",
-         "--field", "b_int",   "INT32",  "--field", "c_long",   "INT64",
-         "--field", "d_float", "FLOAT",  "--field", "e_double", "DOUBLE",
-         "--field", "f_str",   "STRING", "--field", "g_ts",     "TIMESTAMP",
-         "--field", "h_date",  "DATE",   "-i",      csv,        "-o",
-         out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "ndjson", out_path}, rout, rerr), 0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    const std::string& j = rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"a_bool\":true"), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"b_int\":42"), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"c_long\":\"9000000000\""), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"d_float\":1.5"), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"e_double\":3.25"), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"f_str\":\"hello\""), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"g_ts\":\"1700000000000\""), std::string::npos) << j;
-    EXPECT_NE(j.find("\"h_date\":\"2024-06-15\""), std::string::npos) << j;
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-// A multi-type import spanning several batches must keep every value in its own
-// column after each flush. Tags vary so timestamps may repeat across devices.
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_mtb", ".csv");
-    const int kRows = 2500;  // > 2 batches of 1024
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,id,n,note\n";
-        for (int i = 0; i < kRows; ++i) {
-            o << i << ",dev," << (i * 3) << ",row" << i << "\n";
-        }
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_mtb_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "id", "STRING", "--field", "n",
-         "INT64", "--field", "note", "TEXT", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream cout_;
-    std::ostringstream cerr_;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"count", "-f", "csv", out_path}, cout_, cerr_), 0);
-    EXPECT_NE(cout_.str().find("table,t,n,FIELD,2500,1,2500,0,0,2499,scan"),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << cout_.str();
-
-    // Spot-check a row from the last batch keeps n and note paired correctly.
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "--start", "2400", "--end", "2400",
-                                   "-f", "ndjson", out_path},
-                                  rout, rerr),
-              0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("\"n\":\"7200\""), std::string::npos)
-        << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("\"note\":\"row2400\""), std::string::npos)
-        << rout.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-// A quoted STRING field containing the delimiter and escaped quotes must
-// survive import and re-export unchanged (RFC 4180 round-trip through the
-// writer).
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_special", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        // note = a,b "q" c  (comma + embedded quotes)
-        o << "time,id,note\n0,dev,\"a,b \"\"q\"\" c\"\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_special_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "id", "STRING", "--field", "note",
-         "STRING", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    // JSON escapes the embedded quotes; the comma is preserved verbatim.
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "ndjson", out_path}, rout, rerr), 0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("\"note\":\"a,b \\\"q\\\" c\""),
-              std::string::npos)
-        << rout.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsTimestampOverflow) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("TIMESTAMP", "99999999999999999999999999", err),
-              2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("TIMESTAMP out of range"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsNonNumericTimestampColumn) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("TIMESTAMP", "not-a-number", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("bad TIMESTAMP"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteRejectsImpossibleDate) {
-    // Syntactically YYYY-MM-DD but not a real calendar date.
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DATE", "2024-13-40", err), 2);
-    EXPECT_NE(err.find("bad DATE"), std::string::npos) << err;
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteAcceptsDateBoundary) {
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_EQ(write_one_value("DATE", "2024-02-29", err), 0)
-        << err;  // leap day
-}
-
-// CSV nulls use unquoted \N; quoted empty strings stay distinct from null.
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString) {
-    std::string csv =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_null", ".csv");
-    {
-        std::ofstream o(csv.c_str());
-        o << "time,id,n\n0,dev,\\N\n1,\"\",7\n";
-    }
-    std::string out_path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_null_out", ".tsfile");
-
-    std::ostringstream wout;
-    std::ostringstream werr;
-    int wc = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-        {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "id", "STRING", "--field", "n",
-         "INT64", "-i", csv, "-o", out_path},
-        wout, werr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(wc, 0) << werr.str();
-
-    std::ostringstream rout;
-    std::ostringstream rerr;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-f", "ndjson", out_path}, rout, rerr), 0)
-        << rerr.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("\"n\":null"), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(rout.str().find("\"id\":\"\""), std::string::npos) << rout.str();
-
-    std::remove(csv.c_str());
-    std::remove(out_path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput) {
-    storage::libtsfile_init();
-    const std::string path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_utf8_names", ".tsfile");
-    std::string device = "root.device\xff";
-    std::string valid_device = "root.\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87";
-    const std::string measurement = "value\xe1\x80";
-    const std::string valid_measurement = "\xe6\xb8\xa9\xe5\xba\xa6";
-    const std::string replacement = "\xef\xbf\xbd";
-    {
-        storage::WriteFile file;
-        int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        flags |= O_BINARY;
-#endif
-        ASSERT_EQ(file.create(path, flags, 0666), common::E_OK);
-        storage::MeasurementSchema schema(measurement, common::INT64,
-                                          common::PLAIN, common::UNCOMPRESSED);
-        storage::MeasurementSchema valid_schema(valid_measurement,
-                                                common::INT64, common::PLAIN,
-                                                common::UNCOMPRESSED);
-        storage::TsFileTreeWriter writer(&file);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.register_timeseries(device, &schema), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.register_timeseries(valid_device, &valid_schema),
-                  common::E_OK);
-        storage::TsRecord record(device, 0);
-        record.add_point(measurement, static_cast<int64_t>(42));
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.write(record), common::E_OK);
-        storage::TsRecord valid_record(valid_device, 0);
-        valid_record.add_point(valid_measurement, static_cast<int64_t>(7));
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.write(valid_record), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.flush(), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.close(), common::E_OK);
-    }
-
-    const std::string formats[] = {"csv", "ndjson", "table"};
-    for (const std::string& format : formats) {
-        for (const std::string& command : {"ls", "schema", "stats", "count"}) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(command + " " + format);
-            std::ostringstream out, err;
-            ASSERT_EQ(
-                tsfile_cli::run_cli({command, "-f", format, path}, out, err), 0)
-                << err.str();
-            EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(out.str()));
-            EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("root.device" + replacement),
-                      std::string::npos);
-            EXPECT_NE(out.str().find(valid_device), std::string::npos);
-        }
-        for (const std::string& command : {"head", "cat"}) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(command + " " + format);
-            std::ostringstream out, err;
-            ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({command, "-d", device, "-m",
-                                           measurement, "-f", format, path},
-                                          out, err),
-                      0)
-                << err.str();
-            EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(out.str()));
-            EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("value" + replacement), std::string::npos);
-            EXPECT_NE(out.str().find("42"), std::string::npos);
-        }
-
-        const std::string output = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export", "." + format);
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-d", device, "--type", format,
-                                       "-o", output, path},
-                                      out, err),
-                  0)
-            << err.str();
-        std::ifstream file(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        std::ostringstream content;
-        content << file.rdbuf();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(content.str()));
-        EXPECT_NE(content.str().find("value" + replacement), std::string::npos);
-        file.close();
-        std::remove(output.c_str());
-    }
-
-    std::ostringstream sketch, sketch_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"sketch", path}, sketch, sketch_err), 0)
-        << sketch_err.str();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(sketch.str()));
-    EXPECT_NE(sketch.str().find("value" + replacement), std::string::npos);
-
-    const std::string dir =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_utf8_manifest", "");
-    std::ostringstream out, err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(
-        tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-d", device, "-d", valid_device,
-                             "--type", "ndjson", "--output-dir", dir, path},
-                            out, err),
-        0)
-        << err.str();
-    std::ifstream manifest((dir + "/_manifest.json").c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-    std::ostringstream content;
-    content << manifest.rdbuf();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(content.str()));
-    EXPECT_NE(content.str().find("root.device" + replacement),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(content.str().find(valid_device), std::string::npos);
-    manifest.close();
-    std::remove((dir + "/0001.ndjson").c_str());
-    std::remove((dir + "/0002.ndjson").c_str());
-    std::remove((dir + "/_manifest.json").c_str());
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    _rmdir(dir.c_str());
-#else
-    rmdir(dir.c_str());
-#endif
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, Utf8JsonKeyCollisionsFailWithoutPublishingOutput) {
-    storage::libtsfile_init();
-    const std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision", ".tsfile");
-    std::string device = "root.collision";
-    const std::vector<std::string> names = {"bad\xff", "bad\xfe",
-                                            "bad\xef\xbf\xbd"};
-    {
-        storage::WriteFile file;
-        int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        flags |= O_BINARY;
-#endif
-        ASSERT_EQ(file.create(path, flags, 0666), common::E_OK);
-        storage::MeasurementSchema first(names[0], common::INT64, common::PLAIN,
-                                         common::UNCOMPRESSED);
-        storage::MeasurementSchema second(names[1], common::INT64,
-                                          common::PLAIN, common::UNCOMPRESSED);
-        storage::MeasurementSchema third(names[2], common::INT64, common::PLAIN,
-                                         common::UNCOMPRESSED);
-        storage::TsFileTreeWriter writer(&file);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.register_timeseries(device, &first), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.register_timeseries(device, &second), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.register_timeseries(device, &third), common::E_OK);
-        storage::TsRecord record(device, 0);
-        record.add_point(names[0], static_cast<int64_t>(42));
-        record.add_point(names[1], static_cast<int64_t>(7));
-        record.add_point(names[2], static_cast<int64_t>(9));
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.write(record), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.flush(), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.close(), common::E_OK);
-    }
-
-    for (const std::string& command : {"head", "cat"}) {
-        for (size_t second : {size_t(1), size_t(2)}) {
-            for (bool empty : {false, true}) {
-                SCOPED_TRACE(command + " second=" + std::to_string(second) +
-                             " empty=" + std::to_string(empty));
-                std::vector<std::string> args = {
-                    command, "-d",          device, "-m",     names[0],
-                    "-m",    names[second], "-f",   "ndjson", path};
-                if (empty) {
-                    args.insert(args.end() - 1, {"--start", "0", "-n", "0"});
-                }
-                std::ostringstream out, err;
-                EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err), 2) << err.str();
-                EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-                EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("duplicate column name"),
-                          std::string::npos);
-                EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(err.str()));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    const std::string output = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_export", ".ndjson");
-    for (bool existing : {false, true}) {
-        if (existing) {
-            std::ofstream target(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-            target << "keep existing output\n";
-        }
-        std::vector<std::string> args = {"export", "-d", device, "--type",
-                                         "ndjson", "-o", output, path};
-        if (existing) {
-            args.insert(args.end() - 1, "--force");
-        }
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err), 2) << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-        EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("duplicate column name"), std::string::npos);
-        std::ifstream target(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        if (existing) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(target.is_open());
-            std::ostringstream content;
-            content << target.rdbuf();
-            EXPECT_EQ(content.str(), "keep existing output\n");
-        } else {
-            EXPECT_FALSE(target.is_open());
-        }
-    }
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, TableUtf8JsonKeyCollisionsFailInRowsAndStats) {
-    storage::libtsfile_init();
-    const std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-        "tsfile_cli_utf8_table_collision", ".tsfile");
-    std::string table = "collision";
-    const std::vector<std::string> names = {"bad\xff", "bad\xfe", "value"};
-    {
-        storage::WriteFile file;
-        int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        flags |= O_BINARY;
-#endif
-        ASSERT_EQ(file.create(path, flags, 0666), common::E_OK);
-        storage::TableSchema schema(
-            table, {common::ColumnSchema(names[0], common::STRING,
-                                         common::UNCOMPRESSED, common::PLAIN,
-                                         common::ColumnCategory::TAG),
-                    common::ColumnSchema(names[1], common::STRING,
-                                         common::UNCOMPRESSED, common::PLAIN,
-                                         common::ColumnCategory::TAG),
-                    common::ColumnSchema(names[2], common::INT64,
-                                         common::UNCOMPRESSED, common::PLAIN,
-                                         common::ColumnCategory::FIELD)});
-        storage::TsFileTableWriter writer(&file, &schema);
-        storage::Tablet tablet(
-            table, names, {common::STRING, common::STRING, common::INT64},
-            {common::ColumnCategory::TAG, common::ColumnCategory::TAG,
-             common::ColumnCategory::FIELD},
-            1);
-        tablet.add_timestamp(0, static_cast<int64_t>(0));
-        tablet.add_value(0, names[0], "first");
-        tablet.add_value(0, names[1], "second");
-        tablet.add_value(0, names[2], static_cast<int64_t>(42));
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.write_table(tablet), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.flush(), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.close(), common::E_OK);
-    }
-    for (const std::string& command : {"head", "cat", "stats"}) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(command);
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-                      {command, "-t", table, "-f", "ndjson", path}, out, err),
-                  2);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty());
-        EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("duplicate column name"), std::string::npos);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(err.str()));
-    }
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes) {
-    const std::string input =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_slash_input", ".csv");
-    const std::string first =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_slash_first", ".tsfile");
-    const std::string exported =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_slash_export", ".csv");
-    const std::string second =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_slash_second", ".tsfile");
-    {
-        std::ofstream csv(input.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(csv.good());
-        csv << R"csv(time,site,note
-1000,s1,\N
-2000,s1,"\N"
-3000,s1,\leading
-4000,s1,back\slash
-5000,s1,"\with,comma"
-6000,\site,tag\end
-7000,\\site,\\N
-)csv";
-    }
-    const auto write = [&](const std::string& source,
-                           const std::string& target) {
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-            {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "site", "STRING", "--field",
-             "note", "TEXT", "-i", source, "-o", target},
-            out, err);
-        EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-        return code;
-    };
-    ASSERT_EQ(write(input, first), 0);
-
-    std::ostringstream before, before_err, csv_out, csv_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-t", "t", "-f", "ndjson", first},
-                                  before, before_err),
-              0)
-        << before_err.str();
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-t", "t", "-f", "csv", first},
-                                  csv_out, csv_err),
-              0)
-        << csv_err.str();
-    const std::string csv = csv_out.str();
-    EXPECT_NE(csv.find(R"csv(1000,s1,\N
-)csv"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(csv.find(R"csv(2000,s1,\\N
-)csv"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(csv.find(R"csv(3000,s1,\\leading
-)csv"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(csv.find(R"csv(4000,s1,back\slash
-)csv"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(csv.find(R"csv(5000,s1,"\\with,comma"
-)csv"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    EXPECT_NE(csv.find(R"csv(6000,\\site,tag\end
-)csv"),
-              std::string::npos);
-    {
-        std::ofstream file(exported.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(file.good());
-        file << csv;
-    }
-    ASSERT_EQ(write(exported, second), 0);
-    std::ostringstream after, after_err;
-    ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-t", "t", "-f", "ndjson", second},
-                                  after, after_err),
-              0)
-        << after_err.str();
-    EXPECT_EQ(before.str(), after.str());
-
-    std::remove(input.c_str());
-    std::remove(first.c_str());
-    std::remove(exported.c_str());
-    std::remove(second.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(CliE2E, WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings) {
-    const std::string input =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_crlf_input", ".csv");
-    const std::string first =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_crlf_first", ".tsfile");
-    const std::string expected_csv =
-        "time,site,message,note\n"
-        "0,\"s\r\n1\",\"first\r\nsecond\",\"\"\"quoted\"\"\r\n\r\nlast\"\n"
-        "1,\"s\r\n1\",\"lf\nonly\",\"mixed\r\nand\nmore\"\n"
-        "2,\"s\r\n1\",\"carriage\rreturn\",\"\r\n\"\n"
-        "3,\"s\r\n1\",\"ends\r\",\"line\r\nend\"\n";
-    {
-        std::ofstream csv(input.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(csv.good());
-        // CRLF record boundaries, embedded CRLF/LF/CR, and no final newline.
-        csv << "time,site,message,note\r\n"
-               "0,\"s\r\n1\",\"first\r\nsecond\","
-               "\"\"\"quoted\"\"\r\n\r\nlast\"\r\n"
-               "1,\"s\r\n1\",\"lf\nonly\",\"mixed\r\nand\nmore\"\r\n"
-               "2,\"s\r\n1\",\"carriage\rreturn\",\"\r\n\"\r\n"
-               "3,\"s\r\n1\",\"ends\r\",\"line\r\nend\"";
-    }
-    const auto write = [&](const std::string& source,
-                           const std::string& target) {
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        const int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(
-            {"write", "--table", "t", "--tag", "site", "STRING", "--field",
-             "message", "STRING", "--field", "note", "TEXT", "-i", source, "-o",
-             target},
-            out, err);
-        EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << err.str();
-        return code;
-    };
-    const auto read = [&](const std::string& path, const std::string& format) {
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"cat", "-t", "t", "-f", format, path},
-                                      out, err),
-                  0)
-            << err.str();
-        return out.str();
-    };
-    const std::string expected_ndjson =
-        R"json({"time":"0","site":"s\r\n1","message":"first\r\nsecond","note":"\"quoted\"\r\n\r\nlast"})json"
-        "\n"
-        R"json({"time":"1","site":"s\r\n1","message":"lf\nonly","note":"mixed\r\nand\nmore"})json"
-        "\n"
-        R"json({"time":"2","site":"s\r\n1","message":"carriage\rreturn","note":"\r\n"})json"
-        "\n"
-        R"json({"time":"3","site":"s\r\n1","message":"ends\r","note":"line\r\nend"})json"
-        "\n";
-    ASSERT_EQ(write(input, first), 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(read(first, "ndjson"), expected_ndjson);
-
-    for (const std::string command : {"cat", "export"}) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(command);
-        const std::string exported = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_crlf_" + command, ".csv");
-        const std::string second = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_crlf_" + command, ".tsfile");
-        if (command == "cat") {
-            const std::string csv = read(first, "csv");
-            EXPECT_EQ(csv, expected_csv);
-            std::ofstream file(exported.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(file.good());
-            file << csv;
-        } else {
-            std::ostringstream out, err;
-            ASSERT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli({"export", "-t", "t", "--type", "csv",
-                                           "-o", exported, first},
-                                          out, err),
-                      0)
-                << err.str();
-            std::ifstream file(exported.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(file.good());
-            std::ostringstream bytes;
-            bytes << file.rdbuf();
-            EXPECT_EQ(bytes.str(), expected_csv);
-        }
-        ASSERT_EQ(write(exported, second), 0);
-        EXPECT_EQ(read(second, "ndjson"), expected_ndjson);
-        std::remove(exported.c_str());
-        std::remove(second.c_str());
-    }
-    std::remove(input.c_str());
-    std::remove(first.c_str());
-}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/.gitignore b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa913395a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/README.md b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c261b0d6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<!--
+Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+distributed with this work for additional information
+regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+"License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+specific language governing permissions and limitations
+under the License.
+-->
+
+# CLI end-to-end tests
+
+This directory is a standalone test bundle. Copy it to a machine with Python
+3.9+ and a built or installed `tsfile-cli`; no TsFile headers, C++ compiler,
+Google Test, Python TsFile package, or source checkout are required to run it.
+The CLI itself still needs its native runtime dependencies.
+
+```sh
+python3 run_cli_e2e.py --cli /path/to/tsfile-cli --output-dir /tmp/cli-results
+```
+
+On Windows, use `python` and the path to `tsfile-cli.exe`. The executable path
+is resolved before entering the isolated case directories. Use
+`--expected-version <version>` to check the product version, `--case <id>` to
+select a case, and `--timeout <seconds>` to change the per-command timeout.
+
+Each invocation creates a new `run-*` directory below `--output-dir` and prints
+its path. It retains a `report.json` and one directory per case. The report
+records SHA-256 identities for the executable, command suite, driver, and assets. Each executed
+step writes `NNN.stdout`, `NNN.stderr`, and `NNN.exit_code`; a failing step also
+writes `NNN.diff`. Generated files remain in the case's `work/` directory.
+The runner exits 0 when the selected cases pass, 1 on test failure, and 2 on an
+invalid invocation or suite. These runner statuses are separate from the CLI
+exit codes asserted by each step.
+
+## Cases and expected results
+
+`cases.json` contains all command arguments and expected exit codes. The
+`golden/` directory contains expected stdout, stderr, and exported text;
+`fixtures/` contains fixed TsFiles and other test inputs. The `_license` field
+is license metadata, and `baseline_commit` identifies the source revision
+against which the migrated cases were validated.
+
+A case is a sequence of commands sharing one initially empty workspace:
+
+```json
+{
+  "id": "MissingInput",
+  "steps": [
+    {
+      "args": ["ls", "missing.tsfile"],
+      "exit_code": 2,
+      "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+      "stderr": "golden/missing_input.txt",
+      "files": {}
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+This is a schema example; add the named expected files when adding such a case.
+Arguments are passed as an array, without a shell. Exit codes are compared
+independently of output files: a matching output with the wrong exit code is a
+failure. Timeouts, launch failures, and process crashes also fail the case.
+A failing step stops dependent steps in that case, while other cases still run.
+
+Optional step fields:
+
+- `prepare`: ordered filesystem setup actions. Each action has a relative
+  `path` and a `type`: `file` (copy bytes from `source` in this bundle),
+  `directory`, `absent`, `symlink` (with a relative `target`), or `fifo`.
+  Setup actions describe changes originally made by the C++ fixture helpers.
+- `stdin`: a fixture file whose bytes are sent to the command's stdin. Stdin is
+  otherwise empty.
+- `files`: expected changes to the workspace after the command. Each entry
+  specifies its `type`; use `absent` for a removed path. A regular file may
+  specify `source` for an exact content comparison. Symlinks specify `target`.
+  All paths not listed must remain unchanged, including their bytes. Missing
+  and unexpected files fail the step, including partial files left behind by
+  failed writes.
+- `posix_only`: a reason to skip a step on Windows, used for FIFOs, symlinks,
+  or arguments containing raw non-UTF-8 bytes. Skipped steps are recorded in
+  the report.
+- `stdout_format: "version"`: require a complete, consistent version line and
+  compare its template with the golden. Product version, commit, and build
+  timestamp vary by the executable being tested; `--expected-version` can pin
+  the product version. `require_concrete_commit: true` preserves the existing
+  concrete-build-metadata case, which rejects an `unknown` commit. Raw stdout is still retained in the results.
+
+Output comparisons preserve bytes, whitespace, ordering, and CSV embedded
+line endings. Only stderr's native Windows CRT newline translation is accounted
+for. Generated TsFiles are checked for existence and read back with CLI commands
+against text goldens; their serialized bytes are not a cross-version contract.
+Untouched input fixtures and preexisting targets are compared byte for byte.
+
+The original 141 golden files and fixed tree/table fixtures are preserved.
+Additional fixtures and expected outputs migrate the executable-level cases
+from `command_e2e_test.cc`, `model_format_e2e_test.cc`,
+`utf8_collision_e2e_test.cc`, and the command cases formerly in
+`cli_args_test.cc` and `cli_requirements_test.cc`. The original 170 tests were
+run with their existing assertions before migration; parser and injected
+metadata/stream failures remain C++ unit tests. Successful writes additionally
+have a CLI read-back step, and stdin has a process-level round-trip case.
+Content-addressed fixture names allow cases to share identical binary inputs.
+
+Goldens are reviewed test inputs. The runner never updates them. When changing
+an expected result, inspect the retained actual file and diff before editing
+its golden. When adding cases, use the functional contract of the product
+version being tested; a newer test revision may independently validate an older
+release candidate without modifying that candidate's source or installed files.
+
+## Build integration
+
+When C++ tools and tests are enabled, CTest runs `CliE2E` against the built CLI
+and `CliE2ERunnerTest` against small child processes that exercise the runner's
+failure handling. Python 3.9+ is required for these tests.
+
+```sh
+ctest --test-dir <cpp-build>/test -R '^CliE2E' --output-on-failure
+python3 -m unittest discover -s . -p test_runner.py -v
+```
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/cases.json b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/cases.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dd85cc6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/cases.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17838 @@
+{
+  "_license": [
+    "Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one",
+    "or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file",
+    "distributed with this work for additional information",
+    "regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file",
+    "to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the",
+    "\"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance",
+    "with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at",
+    "",
+    "    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0",
+    "",
+    "Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,",
+    "software distributed under the License is distributed on an",
+    "\"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY",
+    "KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the",
+    "specific language governing permissions and limitations",
+    "under the License."
+  ],
+  "schema_version": 1,
+  "baseline_commit": "795d3b41d831bcc1cc33f3e7abfd9b6296037672",
+  "cases": [
+    {
+      "id": "CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_0.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/25bf81a100c6d89c.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "utf8_collision_0.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/019.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_1.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/e8c9ceba19eff9ac.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_1.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+        },
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+          "files": {},
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+              "path": "utf8_collision_13.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
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+        },
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/063.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "left",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/064.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+          "args": [
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/066.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
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+        },
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+          "args": [
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+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/067.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+          "files": {}
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
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+        },
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+          "args": [
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/069.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+          "args": [
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+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/073.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/074.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+          "args": [
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/076.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/077.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "left",
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/083.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/084.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "ndjson",
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/086.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/087.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-t",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/089.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_13.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/089.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid",
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+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_14.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/65f89edd125782e8.tsfile"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_15.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/f65a26f837b23e39.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/005.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/006.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/007.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/007.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "a",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "--type",
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+            "-o",
+            "utf8_collision_16.out",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/007.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "a",
+            "-d",
+            "b",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "utf8_collision_export_17",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_export_17": {
+              "type": "directory"
+            },
+            "utf8_collision_export_17/0001.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010.0001.csv.txt"
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+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/011.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/012.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/013.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/014.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/015.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/016.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/017.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
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+        },
+        {
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/017.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "a",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "table",
+            "-o",
+            "utf8_collision_18.out",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_18.out": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/017.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "-d",
+            "a",
+            "-d",
+            "b",
+            "--type",
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+            "utf8_collision_export_19",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+              "type": "directory"
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+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020.0001.txt.txt"
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020.0001.txt.txt"
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/021.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/022.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/025.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/026.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/027.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/027.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "a",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "-o",
+            "utf8_collision_20.out",
+            "utf8_collision_14.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_20.out": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/027.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "a",
+            "-d",
+            "b",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "utf8_collision_export_21",
+            "utf8_collision_15.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_export_21": {
+              "type": "directory"
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+            "utf8_collision_export_21/0001.ndjson": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030.0001.ndjson.txt"
+            },
+            "utf8_collision_export_21/0002.ndjson": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030.0001.ndjson.txt"
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+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030._manifest.json.txt"
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/031.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_22.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/19010534e83117ea.tsfile"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_23.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3f705604910a155c.tsfile"
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+        },
+        {
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+            "schema",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/033.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
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+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/034.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/035.stdout.txt",
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+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/036.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "bad\udcff",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/037.stdout.txt",
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+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/037.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "--type",
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+            "-o",
+            "utf8_collision_24.out",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_24.out": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/037.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-t",
+            "b",
+            "--type",
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+            "--output-dir",
+            "utf8_collision_export_25",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
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+          "files": {
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+              "type": "directory"
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+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040.0001.csv.txt"
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
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+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/044.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/045.stdout.txt",
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+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/046.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/047.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/047.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "table",
+            "-o",
+            "utf8_collision_26.out",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/047.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-t",
+            "b",
+            "--type",
+            "table",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "utf8_collision_export_27",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_export_27": {
+              "type": "directory"
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+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050.0001.txt.txt"
+            },
+            "utf8_collision_export_27/0002.txt": {
+              "type": "file",
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050._manifest.json.txt"
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+          }
+        },
+        {
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+            "schema",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/051.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/052.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/053.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/054.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/055.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/056.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/057.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/057.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "-o",
+            "utf8_collision_28.out",
+            "utf8_collision_22.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_28.out": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/057.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-t",
+            "b",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "utf8_collision_export_29",
+            "utf8_collision_23.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "utf8_collision_export_29": {
+              "type": "directory"
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060.0001.ndjson.txt"
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+            "utf8_collision_export_29/0002.ndjson": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060.0001.ndjson.txt"
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+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060._manifest.json.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "utf8_collision_30.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/cea175b2e6fa8cdb.tsfile"
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+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "a",
+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/006.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "table",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/007.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+        },
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+            "-f",
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+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/008.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "ndjson",
+            "utf8_collision_30.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/010.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "ndjson",
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/011.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/012.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliUtf8CollisionTest.EmptyRowWindowsCannotHideSelectedNameCollisions",
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+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "utf8_collision_31.tsfile"
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/25bf81a100c6d89c.tsfile"
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+        },
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "-d",
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+            "--type",
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+            "-o",
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+            "utf8_collision_31.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+            "-n",
+            "0",
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
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+          "files": {}
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
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+          "files": {}
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+          "files": {}
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+          "files": {}
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+            "b",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_167.tsfile"
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+          "files": {}
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+        {
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+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
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+            "s1,s2",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_169.tsfile"
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+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
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+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_170.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetaOnlyReturnsSizeFormatVersionAndModel/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
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+      "steps": [
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+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_171.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+            }
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+          "files": {}
+        }
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+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_172.tsfile"
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+        }
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+            "1",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_173.tsfile"
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+          "files": {}
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+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_173.tsfile"
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+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
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+            "s1",
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+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_175.tsfile"
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadAndCatRequireScopeForMultiObjectFiles/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
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+            "tsfile_cli_req_out_177.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+              "type": "file",
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+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_req_out_177.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+        {
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName",
+      "steps": [
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+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_header_order_out_179.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_header_order_out_179.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput",
+      "steps": [
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+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_header_out_missing_181.tsfile"
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "type": "file",
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+          "prepare": [
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+              "type": "absent"
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_header_out_duplicate_185.tsfile"
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+          "prepare": [
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+        }
+      ]
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+            "-o",
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+              "type": "file",
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+            "tsfile_cli_type_override_out_187.tsfile"
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+          "files": {}
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+        {
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+          "files": {}
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+          "files": {}
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+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/006.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteRejectsExistingOutputWithoutTruncating",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_existing_in_188.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_existing_out_189.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsExistingOutputWithoutTruncating/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_existing_in_188.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3f73b03698921151.csv"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_existing_out_189.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/c1a66b9d085b4360.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonRegularInputBeforeCreatingOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_input_dir_190",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_input_dir_out_191.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonRegularInputBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_input_dir_190",
+              "type": "directory"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_192.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_out_193.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_time_192.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/0fbee3b1c70b3081.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_194.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_out_195.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/002.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_time_192.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_time_194.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/7c94f08bcfc8bf1f.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_196.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_time_out_197.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/003.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_time_194.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_time_196.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/38d1a142bdf82d96.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_target_198.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_target_198.csv"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_target_198.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/59b2d6c45e72adb4.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_target_198.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_missing_parent_199/out.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/002.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "FLOAT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_null_200.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_null_out_201.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_tag_null_200.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3497e1b9bed50133.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_null_out_201.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_null_out_201.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_null_out_201.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors",
+            "-m",
+            "site",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_null_out_201.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "FLOAT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote_202.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote_out_203.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote_202.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/5fbbb88cc56b243a.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.LegacyColumnsOptionIsRejected",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--columns",
+            "legacy",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile",
+            "--stdin"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LegacyColumnsOptionIsRejected/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile",
+            "in.csv"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/002.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "table1",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_205.csv",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_204.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_204.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_export_205.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "table1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_204.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "table1",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_link_208.csv",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "--force",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_206.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_export_link_208.csv",
+              "type": "symlink",
+              "target": "tsfile_cli_export_sentinel_207.txt"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_export_sentinel_207.txt",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/2b7847b7b705781d.txt"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_206.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "table1",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_fifo_209.csv",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "--force",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_206.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/002.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_export_fifo_209.csv",
+              "type": "fifo"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors_a",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors_b",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_export_211",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_210.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_210.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/e7e0024a5247b1f7.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_export_211": {
+              "type": "directory"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_export_211/0001.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0001.csv.txt"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_export_211/0002.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0002.csv.txt"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_export_211/_manifest.json": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001._manifest.json.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "dev_a",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "dev_c",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_212.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_212.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3098941db5f6f150.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "dev_a",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "dev_c",
+            "--tag-match",
+            "any",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_212.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.SketchRejectsRegularResultFormat",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_213.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchRejectsRegularResultFormat/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_213.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/001.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/003.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/8cd34bf42ce458c6.txt"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt",
+            "--force",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/001.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile",
+            "--force",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/005.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliRequirements.ModelDetectionPrefersTableSchemaAndFallsBackToTree",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_216.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_216.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_217.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ModelDetectionPrefersTableSchemaAndFallsBackToTree/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_217.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/b6251665e053a224.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.VersionFlagPrintsVersionAndReturnsOk",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "--version"
+          ],
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+          "stdout_format": "version",
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.VersionIncludesConcreteBuildMetadata/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.VersionMustAppearByItself",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "--version",
+            "data.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.VersionMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.TopLevelHelpMustAppearByItself",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "--help",
+            "cat"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.TopLevelHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.CommandHelpMustAppearByItself",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "--help",
+            "data.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.CommandHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.NoArgsPrintsUsageToErrAndReturnsUsageError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HelpListsExactlyCurrentCommandSurface/001.stdout.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.UnknownCommandIsUsageError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "frobnicate",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.UnknownCommandIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.LeadingOptionBeforeCommandIsClearError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "meta",
+            "data.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.LeadingOptionBeforeCommandIsClearError/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.SelectIsNoLongerKnownCommand",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "select",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SelectIsNoLongerKnownCommand/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.SeedOnCatIsUsageError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "--seed",
+            "7",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SeedOnCatIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "RunCliTest.SampleIsUnknownCommand",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sample",
+            "--offset",
+            "2",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SampleIsNotACommand/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.LsListsTableNameTsv",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_218.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_218.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.LsRejectsNoHeader",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "--no-header",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_219.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsNoHeader/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_219.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.OpenMissingFileReturnsFileError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "definitely_missing.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.OpenMissingFileReturnsFileError/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.SchemaShowsFieldColumnAndType",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_220.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_220.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_221.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_221.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterIsCaseInsensitive",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-m",
+            "S1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_222.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_222.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.SchemaRejectsMissingTableBeforeWritingOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-t",
+            "missing",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_223.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaRejectsMissingTableBeforeWritingOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_223.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_224.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_224.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "FLOAT",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_count_225.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_count_226.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_null_count_225.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/dfb06bb1a4e09036.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_null_count_226.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_count_226.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "sensors",
+            "-m",
+            "note",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_count_226.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.HeadProjectsAndLimits",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-n",
+            "2",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_227.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadProjectsAndLimits/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_227.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatReturnsAllRows",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_228.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_228.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "missing",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_229.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_229.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-m",
+            "id1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_229.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/002.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatTableProjectionIsCaseInsensitive",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "S1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_230.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_230.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--offset",
+            "2",
+            "-n",
+            "2",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_231.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_231.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.HeadPushesDownOffsetAndLimit",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--offset",
+            "1",
+            "-n",
+            "3",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_232.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_232.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatWithTimeRange",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--start",
+            "2",
+            "--end",
+            "3",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_233.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_233.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatAppliesOffsetAfterTimeRange",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--start",
+            "1",
+            "--end",
+            "4",
+            "--offset",
+            "1",
+            "-n",
+            "2",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_234.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_234.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatFiltersRowsByTagEq",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "dev_b",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_235.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatFiltersRowsByTagEq/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_235.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3098941db5f6f150.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.HeadFiltersRowsByTagRegexp",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "dev_[bc]",
+            "-n",
+            "10",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_236.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadFiltersRowsByTagRegexp/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_236.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3098941db5f6f150.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.TagFilterRejectsFieldColumn",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "s1",
+            "eq",
+            "20",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_237.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFilterRejectsFieldColumn/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_tag_filter_fixture_237.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3098941db5f6f150.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "is-null",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_238.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_238.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/8c384af9ff83865c.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_238.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "null",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_238.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "not-null",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_238.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "neq",
+            "dev_a",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_238.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/005.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "dev",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_239.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_239.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/8c384af9ff83865c.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "dev_.*",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_239.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "[",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_239.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/003.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.MultipleTagFiltersHonorAll",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "neq",
+            "dev_a",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "dev_.*",
+            "--tag-match",
+            "all",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_240.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.MultipleTagFiltersHonorAll/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_240.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/8c384af9ff83865c.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--offset",
+            "5",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_241.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_241.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--offset",
+            "6",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_241.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/002.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.ZeroLimitUsesEachFormatsZeroRowContract",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_242.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_242.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_242.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_242.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.ZeroLimitUsesEachFormatsZeroRowContract/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CatJsonIsNdjson",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--start",
+            "0",
+            "--end",
+            "0",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_243.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_243.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.MetaReportsFileSummary",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "meta",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_245.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetaOnlyReturnsSizeFormatVersionAndModel/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_245.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.MetaReportsFileHeaderVersionWithoutConstrainingReader",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "meta",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_246.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaReportsFileHeaderVersionWithoutConstrainingReader/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_246.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/1b1a5cfd0890f477.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_247.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_247.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_248.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_248.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/e7e0024a5247b1f7.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_248.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-m",
+            "S1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_disjoint_table_fixture_249.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_disjoint_table_fixture_249.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/5d51538ae37766cf.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-m",
+            "S1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_disjoint_table_fixture_249.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_disjoint_tree_250.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_disjoint_tree_250.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/02e7ee891c98c640.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_disjoint_tree_250.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_251.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_251.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/b6251665e053a224.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_251.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-m",
+            "left",
+            "-n",
+            "1",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_252.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_252.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/b6251665e053a224.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_sparse_tree_252.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.MetadataTableFilterIsCaseInsensitive",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-t",
+            "TABLE1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_253.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_253.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-t",
+            "TABLE1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_253.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-t",
+            "TABLE1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_253.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--tag",
+            "id1",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_in_254.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_out_255.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_write_in_254.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/ea9c53e37f6ee36c.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_write_out_255.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_out_255.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_out_255.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_out_255.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--tag",
+            "id1",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "f1",
+            "FLOAT",
+            "--field",
+            "d1",
+            "DOUBLE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_fp_in_256.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_fp_out_257.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fp_in_256.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3681eaaa9dd04162.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_fp_out_257.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_fp_out_257.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_fp_out_257.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--tag",
+            "id1",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_nl_in_258.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_nl_out_259.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_nl_in_258.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/32bf457d65422f93.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_nl_out_259.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_nl_out_259.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nl_out_259.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_nl_out_259.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteMissingColumnsIsUsageError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile",
+            "in.csv"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMissingColumnsIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderTimestampsAndLeavesNoOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ooo_260.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ooo_out_261.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderTimestampsAndLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ooo_260.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/df3a55081911cd32.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_md_262.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_md_out_263.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_md_262.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/fda14729ef2687ab.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_md_out_263.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_md_out_263.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_md_out_263.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutputEqualsInput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_alias_264.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_alias_264.csv"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutputEqualsInput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_alias_264.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/59b2d6c45e72adb4.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteFailureOnBadValueLeavesNoOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_badval_265.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_badval_out_266.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailureOnBadValueLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_badval_265.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/891a43b84b1ac825.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsDuplicateColumnNames",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDuplicateColumnNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsTagOnlySchema",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTagOnlySchema/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonStringTag",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "INT64",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonStringTag/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "Mixed",
+            "--tag",
+            "Id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_case_267.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_case_out_268.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_case_267.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/9f14fda22c4e2ba7.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_case_out_268.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_case_out_268.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_case_out_268.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile",
+            "--stdin",
+            "--no-header",
+            "--header-match"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteOnlyFlag",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-o",
+            "x.tsfile",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_269.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_269.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteColumnFlags",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_270.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteColumnFlags/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_270.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.MetaRejectsDeviceScopeFlag",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "meta",
+            "-d",
+            "dev",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_271.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaRejectsDeviceScopeFlag/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_271.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.SchemaTableShowsEncodingAndCompression",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_272.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_272.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt32Overflow",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT32",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_273.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_274.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt32Overflow/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_273.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/443d44fab5249879.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteAcceptsInt32Boundary",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT32",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_275.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_276.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_275.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/80388eb9de4a9e91.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_276.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_276.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsInt32Boundary/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt64Overflow",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_277.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_278.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt64Overflow/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_277.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/21040fc546353838.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsDoubleOverflow",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DOUBLE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_279.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_280.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDoubleOverflow/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_279.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/e5721dc3ee3437dd.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericInt64",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_281.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_282.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericInt64/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_281.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/04fb4d7ce9cd9f35.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_283.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_284.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_283.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/e2ca60a29f45f9e6.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_285.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_286.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/002.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_283.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_285.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/280cb420cebd39d7.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_287.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_288.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_285.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_287.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/6e073691a8e066e5.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_288.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_288.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/004.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_bom_289.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_bom_out_290.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bom_289.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/decdfb5a1f49df91.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_bom_out_290.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_bom_out_290.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_291.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_out_292.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_291.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/50568f65241e50ce.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_293.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_out_294.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_291.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_bad_utf8_293.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/c084f0d9b5cc00bc.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "time",
+            "INT64",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "unused.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "bad\nname",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "unused.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/002.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteFailurePreservesExistingTarget",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_existing_295.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_existing_out_296.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 3,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailurePreservesExistingTarget/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_existing_295.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/59b2d6c45e72adb4.csv"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_existing_out_296.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/2b7847b7b705781d.txt"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderAcrossBatches",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_xbatch_297.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_xbatch_out_298.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderAcrossBatches/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_xbatch_297.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/001a55cd3aa30703.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "big",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_large_299.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_large_out_300.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_large_299.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/de21dc67151aafff.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_large_out_300.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_large_out_300.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_large_out_300.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.HelpWithPositionalFileIsUsageError",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "--help",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_301.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/RunCliTest.CommandHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_301.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.StatsRejectsRowOnlyFlag",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "--start",
+            "1",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_302.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsRejectsRowOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_302.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.LsRejectsMeasurementsFlag",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "tsfile_cli_fixture_303.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsMeasurementsFlag/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_fixture_303.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/a7e15add9795acb0.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--tag",
+            "id1",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "ts1",
+            "TIMESTAMP",
+            "--field",
+            "d1",
+            "DATE",
+            "--field",
+            "b1",
+            "BLOB",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_tdb_out_305.tsfile",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_tdb_304.csv"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_tdb_304.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/b7aa5a377f9d473e.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_tdb_out_305.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_tdb_out_305.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_tdb_out_305.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsBadDate",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_306.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_307.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsBadDate/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_306.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/4437ed311b6ffac5.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteVerboseEchoesConfig",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "vt",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "-v",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_vb_308.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_vb_out_309.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteVerboseEchoesConfig/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_vb_308.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/59b2d6c45e72adb4.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_vb_out_309.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_vb_out_309.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatch",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "INT64",
+            "--header-match",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_hm_310.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_hm_out_311.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 1,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_hm_310.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/3a22c3d57d16053e.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t1",
+            "--field",
+            "a_bool",
+            "BOOLEAN",
+            "--field",
+            "b_int",
+            "INT32",
+            "--field",
+            "c_long",
+            "INT64",
+            "--field",
+            "d_float",
+            "FLOAT",
+            "--field",
+            "e_double",
+            "DOUBLE",
+            "--field",
+            "f_str",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "g_ts",
+            "TIMESTAMP",
+            "--field",
+            "h_date",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_colmap_312.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_colmap_out_313.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_colmap_312.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/0a285e57e7770abd.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_colmap_out_313.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_colmap_out_313.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_colmap_out_313.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "n",
+            "INT64",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_mtb_314.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_mtb_out_315.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_mtb_314.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/9fe4acf66641a6f7.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_mtb_out_315.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_mtb_out_315.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_mtb_out_315.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "--start",
+            "2400",
+            "--end",
+            "2400",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_mtb_out_315.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "STRING",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_special_316.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_special_out_317.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_special_316.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/856f46a20c5f7c7b.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_special_out_317.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_special_out_317.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_special_out_317.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsTimestampOverflow",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "TIMESTAMP",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_318.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_319.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTimestampOverflow/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_318.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/21040fc546353838.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericTimestampColumn",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "TIMESTAMP",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_320.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_321.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericTimestampColumn/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_320.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/77d5cdbf284147c1.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteRejectsImpossibleDate",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_322.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_323.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsImpossibleDate/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_322.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/be1a2fdc5942bebd.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteAcceptsDateBoundary",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--field",
+            "s1",
+            "DATE",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_324.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_325.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_ovf_324.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/6e073691a8e066e5.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_325.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_ovf_out_325.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/004.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "n",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_326.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_out_327.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_null_326.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/c7da5b75d91e3488.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_null_out_327.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_out_327.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_null_out_327.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/8b4b9aa145a1d812.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "value\udce1\udc80",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/005.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "value\udce1\udc80",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/005.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_329.csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_329.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/005.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/008.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_329.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/009.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/010.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/011.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "value\udce1\udc80",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "value\udce1\udc80",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_330.ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_330.ndjson": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/015.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_330.ndjson",
+              "type": "absent"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/016.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/017.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/018.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "value\udce1\udc80",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/019.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "value\udce1\udc80",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/019.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "--type",
+            "table",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_331.table",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_331.table": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/019.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/022.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_export_331.table",
+              "type": "absent"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "root.device\udcff",
+            "-d",
+            "root.\u4e2d\u6587",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_manifest_332",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_manifest_332": {
+              "type": "directory"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_manifest_332/0001.ndjson": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_manifest_332/0002.ndjson": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023.0002.ndjson.txt"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_manifest_332/_manifest.json": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023._manifest.json.txt"
+            }
+          },
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.Utf8JsonKeyCollisionsFailWithoutPublishingOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcfe",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/f6209221447efc09.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcfe",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--start",
+            "0",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\ufffd",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\ufffd",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--start",
+            "0",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcfe",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcfe",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--start",
+            "0",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\ufffd",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\udcff",
+            "-m",
+            "bad\ufffd",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "--start",
+            "0",
+            "-n",
+            "0",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_export_334.ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-d",
+            "root.collision",
+            "--type",
+            "ndjson",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_export_334.ndjson",
+            "--force",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_333.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_collision_export_334.ndjson",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/11b77be68feb2859.out"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.TableUtf8JsonKeyCollisionsFailInRowsAndStats",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-t",
+            "collision",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_table_collision_335.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_utf8_table_collision_335.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/87d4e8b040a0e258.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "collision",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_table_collision_335.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-t",
+            "collision",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_utf8_table_collision_335.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_input_336.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_first_337.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_slash_input_336.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/bac2896165b44e56.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_first_337.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_first_337.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_first_337.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_first_337.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_export_338.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_second_339.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_slash_export_338.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/e47f2cf974f4288d.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_second_339.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_second_339.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_slash_second_339.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "message",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_input_340.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_first_341.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_crlf_input_340.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/4c8de02fcad64c24.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_first_341.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_first_341.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_first_341.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_first_341.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
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+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
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+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_342.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_343.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "path": "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_342.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/dc7368474f850fc0.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_343.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_343.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_343.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_344.csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_first_341.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "path": "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_342.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_crlf_cat_343.tsfile",
+              "type": "absent"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_344.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/004.stdout.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "message",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "note",
+            "TEXT",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_344.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_345.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_345.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_345.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "t",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_crlf_export_345.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "ComplexTableFixture.ContainsBothTablesAndNullValues",
+      "steps": [
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+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_346.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/table_ls_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "path": "tsfile_cli_complex_table_346.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/f70c095c6ba45072.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "ComplexTableFixture.CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "-t",
+            "table2",
+            "-n",
+            "3",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_347.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/ComplexTableFixture.CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_complex_table_347.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/f70c095c6ba45072.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "ComplexTreeFixture.CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-d",
+            "root.test.d1",
+            "-n",
+            "2",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_348.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_head_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_348.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/complex_tree.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "WriteCommand.SuccessfulWriteHasExactSilentOutput",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "written",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "value",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "path": "tsfile_cli_write_golden.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/31970968f7fa8f20.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_write_golden.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_write_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/WriteCommand.SuccessfulWriteHasExactSilentOutput/002.roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "IndependentFixtures.EmptyAndCategoryFilesHaveExactOutputs",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_ls_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+              "path": "tsfile_cli_category_edge_golden.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/0eef1509ca9d2e9b.tsfile"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_empty_field_golden.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/21729ccbd4c9217d.tsfile"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/acd5b9243a38e4f8.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_ls_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_ls_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_schema_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_schema_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_schema_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_meta_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_meta_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_meta_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_stats_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+        {
+          "args": [
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_stats_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_count_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_count_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_count_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "sensors",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_head_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_head_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "sensors",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_head_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
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+            "sensors",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "sensors",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_head_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty_table_sketch.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "sensors",
+            "--type",
+            "table",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_export_table.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
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+        },
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+        },
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+          "files": {}
+        },
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+          "args": [
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+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "meta",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "missing",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_input_error.csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {},
+          "posix_only": "Requires POSIX special files or raw byte arguments"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/7e91ad7bab6c76d5.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "meta",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "stats",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "count",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "head",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "sketch",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "hybrid_table",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_export.csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_355.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "export",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors_a",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors_b",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "--output-dir",
+            "tsfile_cli_corrupt_export_dir_357",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_356.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_356.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/6814760cd5c03c70.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_corrupt_export_dir_357": {
+              "type": "directory"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_corrupt_export_dir_357/0001.csv": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0001.csv.txt"
+            },
+            "tsfile_cli_corrupt_export_dir_357/_manifest.json": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001._manifest.json.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "sensors_b",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_multi_table_fixture_356.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001.stderr.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "IndependentFixtures.NullableTagsHaveExactPredicateResults",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "is-null",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/8c384af9ff83865c.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "not-null",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/004.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "eq",
+            "null",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "neq",
+            "dev_a",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/005.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "dev",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-m",
+            "s1",
+            "--tag-filter",
+            "id1",
+            "regexp",
+            "dev_.*",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_nullable_tag_filter_fixture_358.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_invalid_time.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_invalid_time.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/002.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_invalid_time.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/f23d8f69b526430f.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_out_of_order.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_out_of_order.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/002.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_invalid_time.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_out_of_order.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/162d394b288bb12d.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_undeclared.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_undeclared.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/002.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_out_of_order.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_undeclared.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/d97187a52ca24996.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_missing_column.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_missing_column.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_undeclared.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_missing_column.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/b32ffaa9b5e49e11.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField/001.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_missing_column.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/ebbbc7b819bea734.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "site",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "temp",
+            "INT64",
+            "-i",
+            "tsfile_cli_comment.csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_comment.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 2,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/006.stderr.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_unclosed_quote.csv",
+              "type": "absent"
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_comment.csv",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/74123c6ba2cf9a64.csv"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_control_char_359.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/001.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_control_char_359.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/recorded/ff981d1dcd989b10.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_control_char_359.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/002.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "cat",
+            "-t",
+            "t1",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_control_char_359.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/003.stdout.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "TreeAndTable__BothModels.MetadataCommandsImplementAllPublicFormats__Tree",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_ls_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/complex_tree.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_ls_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_ls_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_schema_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_schema_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "schema",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/tree_schema_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "meta",
+            "-f",
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+          "files": {}
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+          "files": {}
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_tree_table_369.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/tree_export_table.txt"
+            }
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+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "--type",
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_tree_ndjson_370.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_export_golden_tree_table_369.out",
+              "type": "absent"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {
+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_tree_ndjson_370.out": {
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/tree_export_ndjson.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-d",
+            "root.test.d1",
+            "--type",
+            "csv",
+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_tree_csv_371.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_export_golden_tree_ndjson_370.out",
+              "type": "absent"
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+          ],
+          "files": {
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/tree_export_csv.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "TreeAndTable__BothModels.EverySuccessfulCommandHasExactGoldenOutput__Table",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "ls",
+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/table_ls_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
+            {
+              "path": "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile",
+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "fixtures/complex_table.tsfile"
+            }
+          ],
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-f",
+            "ndjson",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/table_ls_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-f",
+            "csv",
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_ls_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+        {
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+            "-f",
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+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/table_schema_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_schema_ndjson.txt",
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+          "files": {}
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+            "-f",
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+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_schema_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_meta_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+          "files": {}
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_meta_csv.txt",
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+          "files": {}
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+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_stats_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+            "-f",
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_stats_ndjson.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_stats_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-f",
+            "table",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/table_count_table.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+            "ndjson",
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+          "files": {}
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+          ],
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_head_table.txt",
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+          "files": {}
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+          "files": {}
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+            "csv",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stdout": "golden/table_head_csv.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
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+        {
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+          ],
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+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        },
+        {
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_table_table_373.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
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+          "files": {
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+        {
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+            "--type",
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+            "-o",
+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_table_ndjson_374.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
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+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "prepare": [
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+            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_table_csv_375.out",
+            "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile"
+          ],
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+              "type": "file",
+              "source": "golden/table_export_csv.txt"
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "CliE2E.StdinWriteRoundTrip",
+      "steps": [
+        {
+          "args": [
+            "write",
+            "--table",
+            "sensors",
+            "--tag",
+            "id",
+            "STRING",
+            "--field",
+            "value",
+            "INT64",
+            "--stdin",
+            "-o",
+            "stdin.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "stdin": "fixtures/stdin.csv",
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {
+            "stdin.tsfile": {
+              "type": "file"
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        {
+          "args": [
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+            "-t",
+            "sensors",
+            "-f",
+            "csv",
+            "stdin.tsfile"
+          ],
+          "exit_code": 0,
+          "stdout": "golden/stdin_roundtrip.txt",
+          "stderr": "golden/empty.txt",
+          "files": {}
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/fixtures/complex_table.tsfile b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/complex_table.tsfile
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/fixtures/complex_table.tsfile
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/complex_table.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/fixtures/complex_tree.tsfile b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/complex_tree.tsfile
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/fixtures/complex_tree.tsfile
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/complex_tree.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/recorded/001a55cd3aa30703.csv b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/recorded/001a55cd3aa30703.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4cf456195
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literal 0
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rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_schema_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_schema_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_schema_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_schema_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_schema_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_schema_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_sketch.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_sketch.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_sketch.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_sketch.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_stats_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_stats_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_stats_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_stats_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_stats_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_stats_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_stats_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_stats_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_stats_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_stats_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/category_edge_stats_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/category_edge_stats_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatFiltersRowsByTagEq/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatFiltersRowsByTagEq/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0868507df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatFiltersRowsByTagEq/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,s1
+1,dev_b,20
+2,dev_b,30
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..676c4ae4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,id2,s1
+2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20
+3,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,30
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d66c23b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: FIELD 'missing' does not exist in table 'table1'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc12f387d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CatRejectsMissingOrNonFieldProjectionBeforeQuery/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: column 'id1' is not a FIELD in table 'table1'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fe9dd2b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,sensors_a,id1,TAG,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan
+table,sensors_a,s1,FIELD,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan
+table,sensors_b,id1,TAG,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan
+table,sensors_b,s1,FIELD,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b6dad311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsDefaultToAllTables/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,tag.id1,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,sensors_a,sensors_a_tag,s1,INT64,1,0,0,0,10,10,10,10,\N,statistics
+table,sensors_b,sensors_b_tag,s1,INT64,1,0,0,0,20,20,20,20,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49d15376e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,sensors_a,s1,FIELD,1,1,1,0,0,0,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20abc7964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTables/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,tag.id1,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,sensors_a,sensors_a_tag,s1,INT64,1,0,0,0,10,10,10,10,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d91b1a5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+tree,root.test.d1,left,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,0,0,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..518c381cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountAndStatsProjectionMayMatchOnlySomeTreeDevices/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+tree,root.test.d1,left,INT32,1,0,0,0,10,10,10,10,10,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e28581ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.CountReportsColumnCountsWithoutSummaryRows/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,table1,id1,TAG,5,1,5,0,0,4,scan
+table,table1,id2,TAG,5,1,5,0,0,4,scan
+table,table1,s1,FIELD,5,1,5,0,0,4,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadFiltersRowsByTagRegexp/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadFiltersRowsByTagRegexp/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a67627f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadFiltersRowsByTagRegexp/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+time,id1,s1
+1,dev_b,20
+2,dev_b,30
+3,dev_c,40
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadProjectsAndLimits/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadProjectsAndLimits/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8d501999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadProjectsAndLimits/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,id2,s1
+0,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,0
+1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,10
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c06bd06f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.HeadPushesDownOffsetAndLimit/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+time,id1,id2,s1
+1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,10
+2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20
+3,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,30
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73156b192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object
+tree,root.device�
+tree,root.中文
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b783a784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+tree,root.device�,value�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+tree,root.中文,温度,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67e3321ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+tree,root.device�,value�,INT64,1,0,0,0,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+tree,root.中文,温度,INT64,1,0,0,0,7,7,7,7,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67daf295d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+tree,root.device�,value�,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,0,0,statistics
+tree,root.中文,温度,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,0,0,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/005.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/005.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f988d1bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/005.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,value�
+0,42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/008.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/008.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31d26a2a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/008.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.device�"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.中文"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/009.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/009.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d4a9f09a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/009.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.device�","column":"value�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.中文","column":"温度","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/010.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/010.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f45627313
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/010.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.device�","field":"value�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"0","max_time":"0","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.中文","field":"温度","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"0","max_time":"0","min":"7","max":"7","first":"7","last":"7","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/011.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/011.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff3c025fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/011.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.device�","column":"value�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"0","max_time":"0","time_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.中文","column":"温度","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"0","max_time":"0","time_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98f465c51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/012.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","value�":"42"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/015.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/015.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c8691cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/015.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object
+tree   root.device�
+tree   root.中文
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/016.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/016.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f93e745b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/016.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object          column    category  data_type  encoding  compression
+tree   root.device�  value�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+tree   root.中文     温度    FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/017.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/017.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1478be712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/017.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object          field     data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+tree   root.device�  value�  INT64      1               0           0         0         42   42   42     42         statistics
+tree   root.中文     温度    INT64      1               0           0         0         7    7    7      7          statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/018.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/018.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3d072950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/018.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object          column    category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+tree   root.device�  value�  FIELD     1                        1               0           0         0         statistics
+tree   root.中文     温度    FIELD     1                        1               0           0         0         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/019.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/019.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48c469834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/019.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time  value�
+0     42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/022.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/022.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9de6e7746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/022.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+-------------------------------- TsFile Sketch --------------------------------
+file path: tsfile_cli_utf8_names_328.tsfile
+file length: 538
+
+            POSITION|	CONTENT
+            -------- 	-------
+                   0|	[magic head] TsFile
+                   6|	[version number] 4
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.device�, num of Chunks:1
+                   7|	[ChunkGroup Header]
+                   7|		[marker] 0
+                   8|		[deviceID] root.device� size=14
+                  22|	[Chunk] of root.device�.value�, startTime: 0 endTime: 0 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                  22|		[Chunk Header] marker=5, measurementID=value�, dataSize=35, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=13
+                  35|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:33, CompressedSize:33
+                  37|			[Page Data]  Size:33
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.device� ends
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.中文, num of Chunks:1
+                  70|	[ChunkGroup Header]
+                  70|		[marker] 0
+                  71|		[deviceID] root.中文 size=13
+                  84|	[Chunk] of root.中文.温度, startTime: 0 endTime: 0 count: 1 [minValue:7,maxValue:7,firstValue:7,lastValue:7,sumValue:7.0]
+                  84|		[Chunk Header] marker=5, measurementID=温度, dataSize=35, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=12
+                  96|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:33, CompressedSize:33
+                  98|			[Page Data]  Size:33
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.中文 ends
+                 148|	[marker] 2
+                 149|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.device�.value�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:68, startTime: 0 endTime: 0 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 217|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=22, size=8
+                 225|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.中文.温度, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:67, startTime: 0 endTime: 0 count: 1 [minValue:7,maxValue:7,firstValue:7,lastValue:7,sumValue:7.0]
+                 292|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=84, size=8
+                 300|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 300|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 301|		<value�, 149>
+                 317|		endOffset=225
+                 325|		nodeType=LEAF_MEASUREMENT
+                 326|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 326|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 327|		<温度, 225>
+                 342|		endOffset=300
+                 350|		nodeType=LEAF_MEASUREMENT
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] begins
+                 351|	TableIndexRootCnt=1
+                 355|	[Table Name] root, size=8
+                 363|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 363|		 childrenCnt=2
+                 364|		<root.device�, 300>
+                 386|		<root.中文, 326>
+                 407|		endOffset=351
+                 415|		nodeType=LEAF_DEVICE
+                 416|	TableSchemaCnt=0
+                 420|	[Meta Offset] 148
+                 428|	[Bloom Filter Size] bit vector byte array length=275
+                 432|	[Bloom Filter] , filterCapacity=256, hashFunctionSize=5
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] ends
+                 528|	[TsFileMetadataSize] 177
+                 532|	[magic tail] TsFile
+                 538|	END of TsFile
+---------------------------- IndexOfTimerseriesIndex Tree -----------------------------
+root
+	[MetadataIndex:LEAF_DEVICE]
+	└──────[root.device�,300]
+			[MetadataIndex:LEAF_MEASUREMENT]
+			└──────[value�,149]
+	└──────[root.中文,326]
+			[MetadataIndex:LEAF_MEASUREMENT]
+			└──────[温度,225]
+---------------------------------- TsFile Sketch End ----------------------------------
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023.0002.ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023.0002.ndjson.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..713fcfdff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023.0002.ndjson.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","温度":"7"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b0e89c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.InvalidUtf8IdentifiersAreReplacedOnlyInOutput/023._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.ndjson","model":"tree","object":"root.device�","type":"ndjson","rows":"1"},
+    {"file":"0002.ndjson","model":"tree","object":"root.中文","type":"ndjson","rows":"1"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsMeasurementsFlag/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsMeasurementsFlag/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98542ef55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsMeasurementsFlag/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: -m/--measurements is not valid for ls
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsNoHeader/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsNoHeader/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f54992eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.LsRejectsNoHeader/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --no-header is not supported
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaRejectsDeviceScopeFlag/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaRejectsDeviceScopeFlag/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d63d1340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaRejectsDeviceScopeFlag/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: -d/--device is not valid for meta
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaReportsFileHeaderVersionWithoutConstrainingReader/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaReportsFileHeaderVersionWithoutConstrainingReader/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6de67b3fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MetaReportsFileHeaderVersionWithoutConstrainingReader/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+size_bytes,format_version,model
+408,3,tree
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MultipleTagFiltersHonorAll/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MultipleTagFiltersHonorAll/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da10ca545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.MultipleTagFiltersHonorAll/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,id1,s1
+4,dev_b,50
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.OpenMissingFileReturnsFileError/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.OpenMissingFileReturnsFileError/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..230a7c09e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.OpenMissingFileReturnsFileError/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot open definitely_missing.tsfile: cannot open file (code 28)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteColumnFlags/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteColumnFlags/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9fbd3cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteColumnFlags/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --tag/--field are only valid for write
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..155397278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ReadRejectsWriteOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: -o/--output is only valid for write
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d4aaa480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+time,id1,id2,s1
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..582c1d5d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.RowWindowDistinguishesExactAndExcessiveOffset/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: offset exceeds matched row count
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaRejectsMissingTableBeforeWritingOutput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaRejectsMissingTableBeforeWritingOutput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..156b9f371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaRejectsMissingTableBeforeWritingOutput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: table 'missing' does not exist
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc4127342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.SchemaTableMeasurementFilterOnlyShowsRequestedColumn/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,table1,s1,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsRejectsRowOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsRejectsRowOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14bd56d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsRejectsRowOnlyFlag/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --start/--end are only valid for head/cat
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97b472175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsCountAndTimeRange/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,tag.id1,tag.id2,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,table1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,s1,INT64,5,0,0,4,0,40,0,40,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..928227ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"time":"1000","site":"beijing","temp":20,"note":"n0"}
+{"time":"3000","site":"beijing","temp":22,"note":null}
+{"time":"2000","site":"shanghai","temp":21,"note":"n1"}
+{"time":"4000","site":"shanghai","temp":23,"note":"n3"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3797394ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.StatsReportsNumericNullCountForTableFields/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,tag.site,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,sensors,beijing,note,TEXT,1,1,1000,1000,\N,\N,n0,n0,\N,statistics
+table,sensors,shanghai,note,TEXT,2,0,2000,4000,\N,\N,n1,n3,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFilterRejectsFieldColumn/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFilterRejectsFieldColumn/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46b260a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFilterRejectsFieldColumn/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: invalid tag filter column 's1' for table t1
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c176fc91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,id1,s1
+0,\N,10
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcf565abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,id1,s1
+1,"",20
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b78b997a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,id1,s1
+2,null,30
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb49f40e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+time,id1,s1
+1,"",20
+3,dev_a,40
+4,dev_b,50
+2,null,30
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/005.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/005.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f6f8fa52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagFiltersDistinguishNullEmptyAndLiteralNull/005.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+time,id1,s1
+1,"",20
+4,dev_b,50
+2,null,30
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea7a7b581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+time,id1,s1
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3998e974e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,s1
+3,dev_a,40
+4,dev_b,50
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/003.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/003.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a95139a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TagRegexpUsesFullValueAndRejectsInvalidPatterns/003.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: invalid regular expression for TAG 'id1'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..664ad324b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+tree,root.test.d1,left,FIELD,3,\N,2,1,0,2,statistics
+tree,root.test.d1,right,FIELD,3,\N,2,1,1,2,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6eb1c53b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeCountAndStatsUseDeviceTimestampUnion/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+tree,root.test.d1,left,INT32,2,1,0,2,10,20,10,20,30,statistics
+tree,root.test.d1,right,BOOLEAN,2,1,1,2,\N,\N,true,false,1,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0b39a943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","left":10}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16e803fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.TreeHeadWithoutDeviceUsesBareMeasurementNames/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+time,left,right
+0,10,\N
+1,\N,true
+2,20,false
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsInt32Boundary/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsInt32Boundary/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..036a7c3a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsInt32Boundary/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","s1":2147483647}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2c9c40a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAcceptsOneLeadingUtf8Bom/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","s1":"1"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86d0aacd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{"time":"1","id":"A","s1":"10"}
+{"time":"2","id":"A","s1":"30"}
+{"time":"1","id":"B","s1":"20"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..529e81036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteAllowsSameTimestampAcrossDevices/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,t,id,TAG,3,2,3,0,1,2,scan
+table,t,s1,FIELD,3,2,3,0,1,2,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..923bef916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"time":"0","site":"s\r\n1","message":"first\r\nsecond","note":"\"quoted\"\r\n\r\nlast"}
+{"time":"1","site":"s\r\n1","message":"lf\nonly","note":"mixed\r\nand\nmore"}
+{"time":"2","site":"s\r\n1","message":"carriage\rreturn","note":"\r\n"}
+{"time":"3","site":"s\r\n1","message":"ends\r","note":"line\r\nend"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc39f1043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatAndExportCsvPreserveQuotedLineEndings/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+time,site,message,note
+0,"s
+1","first
+second","""quoted""
+
+last"
+1,"s
+1","lf
+only","mixed
+and
+more"
+2,"s
+1","carriage
return","
+"
+3,"s
+1","ends
","line
+end"
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..430f388cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{"time":"6000","site":"\\site","note":"tag\\end"}
+{"time":"7000","site":"\\site","note":"\\N"}
+{"time":"1000","site":"s1","note":null}
+{"time":"2000","site":"s1","note":"\\N"}
+{"time":"3000","site":"s1","note":"\\leading"}
+{"time":"4000","site":"s1","note":"back\\slash"}
+{"time":"5000","site":"s1","note":"\\with,comma"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..653a9608d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteCatCsvWritePreservesLeadingBackslashes/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+time,site,note
+6000,\\site,tag\end
+7000,\\site,\\N
+1000,s1,\N
+2000,s1,\\N
+3000,s1,\\leading
+4000,s1,back\slash
+5000,s1,"\\with,comma"
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f3ce1db1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad DATE '2024-1-1' (want YYYY-MM-DD) (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07c119a96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad DATE '2024-02-30' (want YYYY-MM-DD) (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/004.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/004.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b190dd7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDateRequiresStrictIsoLexicalForm/004.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","s1":"2024-02-29"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4eb476be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteDistinguishesCsvNullAndEmptyString/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"1","id":"","n":"7"}
+{"time":"0","id":"dev","n":null}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailureOnBadValueLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailureOnBadValueLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9b93d98f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailureOnBadValueLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad INT64 'notanumber' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailurePreservesExistingTarget/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailurePreservesExistingTarget/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74afc0037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteFailurePreservesExistingTarget/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_existing_out_296.tsfile' already exists; use --force to replace a regular file
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df5d8b357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"0","id1":"dev","note":"line one\nline two"}
+{"time":"1","id1":"dev","note":"plain"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44ed013f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteImportsQuotedFieldWithEmbeddedNewline/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,t1,id1,TAG,2,1,2,0,0,1,scan
+table,t1,note,FIELD,2,1,2,0,0,1,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f937b2e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMapsEachColumnToItsOwnValue/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"10","a_bool":true,"b_int":42,"c_long":"9000000000","d_float":1.5,"e_double":3.25,"f_str":"hello","g_ts":"1700000000000","h_date":"2024-06-15"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMissingColumnsIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMissingColumnsIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc79de682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMissingColumnsIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: write requires at least one --field column
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b31b8821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2500 @@
+{"time":"0","id":"dev","n":"0","note":"row0"}
+{"time":"1","id":"dev","n":"3","note":"row1"}
+{"time":"2","id":"dev","n":"6","note":"row2"}
+{"time":"3","id":"dev","n":"9","note":"row3"}
+{"time":"4","id":"dev","n":"12","note":"row4"}
+{"time":"5","id":"dev","n":"15","note":"row5"}
+{"time":"6","id":"dev","n":"18","note":"row6"}
+{"time":"7","id":"dev","n":"21","note":"row7"}
+{"time":"8","id":"dev","n":"24","note":"row8"}
+{"time":"9","id":"dev","n":"27","note":"row9"}
+{"time":"10","id":"dev","n":"30","note":"row10"}
+{"time":"11","id":"dev","n":"33","note":"row11"}
+{"time":"12","id":"dev","n":"36","note":"row12"}
+{"time":"13","id":"dev","n":"39","note":"row13"}
+{"time":"14","id":"dev","n":"42","note":"row14"}
+{"time":"15","id":"dev","n":"45","note":"row15"}
+{"time":"16","id":"dev","n":"48","note":"row16"}
+{"time":"17","id":"dev","n":"51","note":"row17"}
+{"time":"18","id":"dev","n":"54","note":"row18"}
+{"time":"19","id":"dev","n":"57","note":"row19"}
+{"time":"20","id":"dev","n":"60","note":"row20"}
+{"time":"21","id":"dev","n":"63","note":"row21"}
+{"time":"22","id":"dev","n":"66","note":"row22"}
+{"time":"23","id":"dev","n":"69","note":"row23"}
+{"time":"24","id":"dev","n":"72","note":"row24"}
+{"time":"25","id":"dev","n":"75","note":"row25"}
+{"time":"26","id":"dev","n":"78","note":"row26"}
+{"time":"27","id":"dev","n":"81","note":"row27"}
+{"time":"28","id":"dev","n":"84","note":"row28"}
+{"time":"29","id":"dev","n":"87","note":"row29"}
+{"time":"30","id":"dev","n":"90","note":"row30"}
+{"time":"31","id":"dev","n":"93","note":"row31"}
+{"time":"32","id":"dev","n":"96","note":"row32"}
+{"time":"33","id":"dev","n":"99","note":"row33"}
+{"time":"34","id":"dev","n":"102","note":"row34"}
+{"time":"35","id":"dev","n":"105","note":"row35"}
+{"time":"36","id":"dev","n":"108","note":"row36"}
+{"time":"37","id":"dev","n":"111","note":"row37"}
+{"time":"38","id":"dev","n":"114","note":"row38"}
+{"time":"39","id":"dev","n":"117","note":"row39"}
+{"time":"40","id":"dev","n":"120","note":"row40"}
+{"time":"41","id":"dev","n":"123","note":"row41"}
+{"time":"42","id":"dev","n":"126","note":"row42"}
+{"time":"43","id":"dev","n":"129","note":"row43"}
+{"time":"44","id":"dev","n":"132","note":"row44"}
+{"time":"45","id":"dev","n":"135","note":"row45"}
+{"time":"46","id":"dev","n":"138","note":"row46"}
+{"time":"47","id":"dev","n":"141","note":"row47"}
+{"time":"48","id":"dev","n":"144","note":"row48"}
+{"time":"49","id":"dev","n":"147","note":"row49"}
+{"time":"50","id":"dev","n":"150","note":"row50"}
+{"time":"51","id":"dev","n":"153","note":"row51"}
+{"time":"52","id":"dev","n":"156","note":"row52"}
+{"time":"53","id":"dev","n":"159","note":"row53"}
+{"time":"54","id":"dev","n":"162","note":"row54"}
+{"time":"55","id":"dev","n":"165","note":"row55"}
+{"time":"56","id":"dev","n":"168","note":"row56"}
+{"time":"57","id":"dev","n":"171","note":"row57"}
+{"time":"58","id":"dev","n":"174","note":"row58"}
+{"time":"59","id":"dev","n":"177","note":"row59"}
+{"time":"60","id":"dev","n":"180","note":"row60"}
+{"time":"61","id":"dev","n":"183","note":"row61"}
+{"time":"62","id":"dev","n":"186","note":"row62"}
+{"time":"63","id":"dev","n":"189","note":"row63"}
+{"time":"64","id":"dev","n":"192","note":"row64"}
+{"time":"65","id":"dev","n":"195","note":"row65"}
+{"time":"66","id":"dev","n":"198","note":"row66"}
+{"time":"67","id":"dev","n":"201","note":"row67"}
+{"time":"68","id":"dev","n":"204","note":"row68"}
+{"time":"69","id":"dev","n":"207","note":"row69"}
+{"time":"70","id":"dev","n":"210","note":"row70"}
+{"time":"71","id":"dev","n":"213","note":"row71"}
+{"time":"72","id":"dev","n":"216","note":"row72"}
+{"time":"73","id":"dev","n":"219","note":"row73"}
+{"time":"74","id":"dev","n":"222","note":"row74"}
+{"time":"75","id":"dev","n":"225","note":"row75"}
+{"time":"76","id":"dev","n":"228","note":"row76"}
+{"time":"77","id":"dev","n":"231","note":"row77"}
+{"time":"78","id":"dev","n":"234","note":"row78"}
+{"time":"79","id":"dev","n":"237","note":"row79"}
+{"time":"80","id":"dev","n":"240","note":"row80"}
+{"time":"81","id":"dev","n":"243","note":"row81"}
+{"time":"82","id":"dev","n":"246","note":"row82"}
+{"time":"83","id":"dev","n":"249","note":"row83"}
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+{"time":"87","id":"dev","n":"261","note":"row87"}
+{"time":"88","id":"dev","n":"264","note":"row88"}
+{"time":"89","id":"dev","n":"267","note":"row89"}
+{"time":"90","id":"dev","n":"270","note":"row90"}
+{"time":"91","id":"dev","n":"273","note":"row91"}
+{"time":"92","id":"dev","n":"276","note":"row92"}
+{"time":"93","id":"dev","n":"279","note":"row93"}
+{"time":"94","id":"dev","n":"282","note":"row94"}
+{"time":"95","id":"dev","n":"285","note":"row95"}
+{"time":"96","id":"dev","n":"288","note":"row96"}
+{"time":"97","id":"dev","n":"291","note":"row97"}
+{"time":"98","id":"dev","n":"294","note":"row98"}
+{"time":"99","id":"dev","n":"297","note":"row99"}
+{"time":"100","id":"dev","n":"300","note":"row100"}
+{"time":"101","id":"dev","n":"303","note":"row101"}
+{"time":"102","id":"dev","n":"306","note":"row102"}
+{"time":"103","id":"dev","n":"309","note":"row103"}
+{"time":"104","id":"dev","n":"312","note":"row104"}
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diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..277bb98d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,t,id,TAG,2500,1,2500,0,0,2499,scan
+table,t,n,FIELD,2500,1,2500,0,0,2499,scan
+table,t,note,FIELD,2500,1,2500,0,0,2499,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8f115c72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteMultiTypeAcrossBatchesRoundTrips/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"2400","id":"dev","n":"7200","note":"row2400"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a627f40e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","id":"a","s1":"1"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98452b9e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteNormalizesNamesAndHeaderCase/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,mixed,id,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,LZ4
+table,mixed,s1,FIELD,INT64,TS_2DIFF,LZ4
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsBadDate/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsBadDate/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f41a48db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsBadDate/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad DATE 'not-a-date' (want YYYY-MM-DD) (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDoubleOverflow/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDoubleOverflow/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..802ab6b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDoubleOverflow/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: DOUBLE out of range '1e400' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDuplicateColumnNames/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDuplicateColumnNames/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65644b5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsDuplicateColumnNames/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: duplicate column name 's1'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e01eae7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsHeaderMatchWithNoHeader/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --no-header/--header-match are not valid for write
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsImpossibleDate/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsImpossibleDate/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..887e6fa26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsImpossibleDate/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad DATE '2024-13-40' (want YYYY-MM-DD) (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt32Overflow/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt32Overflow/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79167d100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt32Overflow/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: INT32 out of range '3000000000' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt64Overflow/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt64Overflow/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dde88e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInt64Overflow/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: INT64 out of range '99999999999999999999999999' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7a504766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsInvalidUtf8AndMisplacedBomWithoutOutput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: invalid UTF-8 or misplaced BOM (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericInt64/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericInt64/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0763e6950
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericInt64/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad INT64 '12abc' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericTimestampColumn/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericTimestampColumn/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2b6b0908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonNumericTimestampColumn/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad TIMESTAMP 'not-a-number' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonStringTag/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonStringTag/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86b5baf23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsNonStringTag/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: TAG column 'id' must use STRING
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderAcrossBatches/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderAcrossBatches/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd0b2a52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderAcrossBatches/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: timestamps must be strictly increasing per device (line 1102: 500 <= previous 1100)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderTimestampsAndLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderTimestampsAndLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0beb93dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutOfOrderTimestampsAndLeavesNoOutput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: timestamps must be strictly increasing per device (line 3: 1 <= previous 5)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutputEqualsInput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutputEqualsInput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..368be9aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsOutputEqualsInput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_alias_264.csv' is the same as the input file 'tsfile_cli_alias_264.csv'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bc093b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: name 'time' is reserved
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c2e0e2d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsReservedAndControlCharacterNames/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Error: invalid table name 'bad
+name': name contains a control character
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTagOnlySchema/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTagOnlySchema/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f87621c5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTagOnlySchema/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: write requires at least one --field column
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTimestampOverflow/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTimestampOverflow/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c68c1ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRejectsTimestampOverflow/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: TIMESTAMP out of range '99999999999999999999999999' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f26891817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsQuotedSpecialChars/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","id":"dev","note":"a,b \"q\" c"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..643cd211c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"0","id1":"dev","ts1":"1700000000000","d1":"2024-01-15","b1":"0x68656c6c6f"}
+{"time":"1","id1":"dev","ts1":"1700000000001","d1":"2024-12-31","b1":"0x776f726c64"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7a0efdb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteRoundTripsTimestampDateBlob/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,ts1,d1,b1
+0,dev,1700000000000,2024-01-15,0x68656c6c6f
+1,dev,1700000000001,2024-12-31,0x776f726c64
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26d03d635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3000 @@
+{"time":"1","s1":"2"}
+{"time":"2","s1":"4"}
+{"time":"3","s1":"6"}
+{"time":"4","s1":"8"}
+{"time":"5","s1":"10"}
+{"time":"6","s1":"12"}
+{"time":"7","s1":"14"}
+{"time":"8","s1":"16"}
+{"time":"9","s1":"18"}
+{"time":"10","s1":"20"}
+{"time":"11","s1":"22"}
+{"time":"12","s1":"24"}
+{"time":"13","s1":"26"}
+{"time":"14","s1":"28"}
+{"time":"15","s1":"30"}
+{"time":"16","s1":"32"}
+{"time":"17","s1":"34"}
+{"time":"18","s1":"36"}
+{"time":"19","s1":"38"}
+{"time":"20","s1":"40"}
+{"time":"21","s1":"42"}
+{"time":"22","s1":"44"}
+{"time":"23","s1":"46"}
+{"time":"24","s1":"48"}
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diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..109f1babf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteStreamsLargeInputRoundTrips/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,big,s1,FIELD,3000,1,3000,0,1,3000,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e4d75e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadFloatDoubleRoundTripLossless/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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+{"time":"1","id1":"dev","f1":3.40282345,"d1":3.1415926535897931}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8195a7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14314e9f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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+table,t1,id1,TAG,3,1,3,0,0,2,scan
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diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1b069a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteThenReadRoundTrip/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteVerboseEchoesConfig/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteVerboseEchoesConfig/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..057d6ab37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.WriteVerboseEchoesConfig/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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+column=s1 category=FIELD data_type=INT64 encoding=TS_2DIFF source=default compression=LZ4 source=default
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ZeroLimitUsesEachFormatsZeroRowContract/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ZeroLimitUsesEachFormatsZeroRowContract/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfc11f3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliE2E.ZeroLimitUsesEachFormatsZeroRowContract/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d448e59df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli ls [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Lists every object in the selected tree or table model.
+Result fields: model,object
+Default: --format table
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli ls data.tsfile
+  tsfile-cli ls -f ndjson data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ca5b54bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli schema [-d|--device <device> | -t|--table <table>] [-m|--measurements <column>]... [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Shows TIME/TAG/ATTRIBUTE/FIELD structure and physical settings.
+Result fields: model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+Default: --format table; omitted scope visits every object in file order.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli schema -t sensors -f csv data.tsfile
+  tsfile-cli schema -d root.sg.d1 -m temperature data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..faaeaa9a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli meta [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Shows file-level metadata and the selected data model.
+Result fields: size_bytes,format_version,model
+Default: --format table
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli meta data.tsfile
+  tsfile-cli meta -f ndjson data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbe0b7834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli stats [-d|--device <device> | -t|--table <table>] [-m|--measurements <field>]... [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Shows FIELD value statistics and null counts.
+Result fields: tree uses model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source; table inserts tag.<name> fields after object.
+Default: --format table; omitted scope visits every object in file order.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli stats -t sensors -m temperature -f csv data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/005.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/005.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ade999ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/005.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli count [-d|--device <device> | -t|--table <table>] [-m|--measurements <column>]... [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Shows logical row, entity, and column counts.
+Result fields: model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+Default: --format table; omitted scope visits every object in file order.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli count -t sensors -m site -f csv data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/006.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/006.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..136cfbf29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/006.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli sketch [-o|--output <file>] [--force] <file.tsfile>
+Writes the physical layout text from the bound printSketch behavior.
+Result fields: printSketch text; --format is not supported.
+Default: stdout; --force requires --output and replaces only a regular file.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli sketch data.tsfile
+  tsfile-cli sketch -o layout.txt data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/007.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/007.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2780601ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/007.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli head [-d|--device <device> | -t|--table <table>] [-m|--measurements <field>]... [--start <int64>] [--end <int64>] [--offset N] [-n|--limit N] [--tag-filter <tag> <op> [value]] [--tag-match all|any] [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Reads the first matching rows from one object.
+Result fields: time, all table TAG columns, selected FIELD columns.
+Default: --limit 10, --offset 0, --format table.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli head -t sensors -m temperature -n 5 data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/008.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/008.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f46231bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/008.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli cat [-d|--device <device> | -t|--table <table>] [-m|--measurements <field>]... [--start <int64>] [--end <int64>] [--offset N] [-n|--limit N] [--tag-filter <tag> <op> [value]] [--tag-match all|any] [-f|--format table|ndjson|csv] <file.tsfile>
+Reads all matching rows from one object unless --limit is set.
+Result fields: time, all table TAG columns, selected FIELD columns.
+Default: no row limit, --offset 0, --format table.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli cat -t sensors --tag-filter site eq a -f ndjson data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/009.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/009.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f7c66b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/009.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli export (-d|--device <device> | -t|--table <table>) -o|--output <file> --type table|ndjson|csv [query options] [--force] <file.tsfile>
+       tsfile-cli export (-d <device>... | -t <table>...) --output-dir <dir> --type table|ndjson|csv [query options] <file.tsfile>
+Writes one object atomically, or a numbered multi-object directory with _manifest.json.
+Result fields: same bytes as cat for the same scope and type; multi-object manifest records file,model,object,type,rows.
+Default: no row limit, --offset 0; --type is required.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli export -t sensors --type csv -o sensors.csv data.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/010.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/010.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4b519988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.CommandHelpIsSpecificAndDocumentsSyntaxFieldsExamples/010.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli write --table <name> (--tag <name> STRING)* (--field <name> <type>)+ [--encoding <type> <encoding>] [--compression <type> <compression>] (-i|--input <input.csv> | --stdin) -o|--output <out.tsfile> [-v|--verbose]
+Creates a new single-table, table-model TsFile from strict CSV.
+Result fields: none on stdout; -v writes a post-commit summary and resolved column physical settings to stderr.
+Default: success is silent; target must not exist; CSV header must contain time and declared TAG/FIELD names.
+CSV values: unquoted \N is NULL; "" is an empty string.
+STRING/TEXT: prepend one extra \ to values starting with \, including inside quoted cells.
+write removes exactly one leading \ from STRING/TEXT cells starting with \\; backslashes elsewhere are unchanged.
+CSV examples: \\N -> literal \N; \\path -> \path; \\\path -> \\path.
+Examples:
+  tsfile-cli write --table sensors --tag site STRING --field temperature DOUBLE -i input.csv -o out.tsfile
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d28fb143c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --format specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ce3baf5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --limit specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/003.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/003.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b7e30f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/003.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --offset specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/004.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/004.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab9b4900f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/004.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --start specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/005.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/005.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff2e87c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/005.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --end specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/006.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/006.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ff119f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/006.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --output specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/007.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/007.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..249f68f5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/007.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --output-dir specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/008.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/008.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18f3765b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.DuplicateSingletonOptionsAreUsageErrors/008.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --force specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a262ba6f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_export_link_208.csv' must not be a symbolic link
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29c585034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportForceRejectsSymlinkAndSpecialTargets/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_export_fifo_209.csv' is not a regular file
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0001.csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0001.csv.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eac41d4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0001.csv.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,id1,s1
+0,sensors_a_tag,10
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0002.csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0002.csv.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99f1bfe10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001.0002.csv.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,id1,s1
+0,sensors_b_tag,20
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfd80d964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesMultiObjectManifestAndNumberedFiles/001._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.csv","model":"table","object":"sensors_a","type":"csv","rows":"1"},
+    {"file":"0002.csv","model":"table","object":"sensors_b","type":"csv","rows":"1"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..277145f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ExportWritesSingleObjectAtomically/001.tsfile_cli_export_205.csv.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+time,id1,id2,s1
+0,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,0
+1,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,10
+2,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,20
+3,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,30
+4,id1_field_1,id2_field_2,40
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e85784d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"0","id1":"id1_field_1","id2":"id2_field_2","s1":"0"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dcd7fdb19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: unsupported format 'json'; expected table, ndjson, or csv
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/003.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/003.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4b1c658e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.FormatVocabularyIsTableNdjsonCsvOnly/003.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: unsupported format 'tsv'; expected table, ndjson, or csv
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadAndCatRequireScopeForMultiObjectFiles/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadAndCatRequireScopeForMultiObjectFiles/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..080061baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadAndCatRequireScopeForMultiObjectFiles/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: head/cat requires -t/--table when the file contains multiple tables
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadCatAndExportRejectOffsetWithZeroLimit/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadCatAndExportRejectOffsetWithZeroLimit/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dde771444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HeadCatAndExportRejectOffsetWithZeroLimit/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --offset requires a positive --limit
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HelpListsExactlyCurrentCommandSurface/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HelpListsExactlyCurrentCommandSurface/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67e8c664e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.HelpListsExactlyCurrentCommandSurface/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LegacyColumnsOptionIsRejected/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LegacyColumnsOptionIsRejected/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e07e6fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LegacyColumnsOptionIsRejected/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: Unknown flag: --columns
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9671b0beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.LsReturnsModelAndObjectFields/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object
+table,table1
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5b7396a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --measurements accepts one column per option; repeat -m
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb9ee4a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MeasurementOptionRepeatsAndRejectsCommaLists/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: measurement 's1' specified more than once
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetaOnlyReturnsSizeFormatVersionAndModel/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetaOnlyReturnsSizeFormatVersionAndModel/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2db261e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetaOnlyReturnsSizeFormatVersionAndModel/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+size_bytes,format_version,model
+508,4,table
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetadataFailurePrecedesModelOptionValidation/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetadataFailurePrecedesModelOptionValidation/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8cfeaa0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MetadataFailurePrecedesModelOptionValidation/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: failed to read table schemas: invalid argument
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ModelDetectionPrefersTableSchemaAndFallsBackToTree/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ModelDetectionPrefersTableSchemaAndFallsBackToTree/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35e8b697c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.ModelDetectionPrefersTableSchemaAndFallsBackToTree/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object
+tree,root.test.d1
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9daf585dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: two or more tag filters require --tag-match all or any
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0c4dd78c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.MultipleTagFiltersRequireAndHonorTagMatch/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,s1
+0,dev_a,10
+3,dev_c,40
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f9548b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: Unexpected argument after file: -f
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e10e589b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.PositionalFileMustBeFinalUnlessAfterDoubleDash/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+time  id1          id2          s1
+0     id1_field_1  id2_field_2  0
+1     id1_field_1  id2_field_2  10
+2     id1_field_1  id2_field_2  20
+3     id1_field_1  id2_field_2  30
+4     id1_field_1  id2_field_2  40
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SampleIsNotACommand/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SampleIsNotACommand/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6d57aaeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SampleIsNotACommand/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Unknown command: sample
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0cd72934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SchemaReturnsFixedSevenFieldContract/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,table1,id1,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,table1,id2,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,table1,s1,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchRejectsRegularResultFormat/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchRejectsRegularResultFormat/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff6768d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchRejectsRegularResultFormat/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: sketch does not accept --format; its output follows printSketch
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb657bea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+-------------------------------- TsFile Sketch --------------------------------
+file path: tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile
+file length: 508
+
+            POSITION|	CONTENT
+            -------- 	-------
+                   0|	[magic head] TsFile
+                   6|	[version number] 4
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2, num of Chunks:2
+                   7|	[ChunkGroup Header]
+                   7|		[marker] 0
+                   8|		[deviceID] table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2 size=32
+                  40|	[Chunk] of table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2., startTime: 0 endTime: 4 count: 5
+                  40|		[Chunk Header] marker=-123, measurementID=, dataSize=20, dataType=VECTOR, compressionType=LZ4, encodingType=TS_2DIFF, size=6
+                  46|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:24, CompressedSize:18
+                  48|			[Page Data]  Size:18
+                  66|	[Chunk] of table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2.s1, startTime: 0 endTime: 4 count: 5 [minValue:0,maxValue:40,firstValue:0,lastValue:40,sumValue:100.0]
+                  66|		[Chunk Header] marker=69, measurementID=s1, dataSize=47, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=8
+                  74|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:45, CompressedSize:45
+                  76|			[Page Data]  Size:45
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2 ends
+                 138|	[marker] 2
+                 139|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2., tsDataType:VECTOR, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:21, startTime: 0 endTime: 4 count: 5
+                 160|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=40, size=8
+                 168|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2.s1, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:63, startTime: 0 endTime: 4 count: 5 [minValue:0,maxValue:40,firstValue:0,lastValue:40,sumValue:100.0]
+                 231|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=66, size=8
+                 239|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 239|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 240|		<, 139>
+                 249|		endOffset=239
+                 257|		nodeType=LEAF_MEASUREMENT
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] begins
+                 258|	TableIndexRootCnt=1
+                 262|	[Table Name] table1, size=10
+                 272|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 272|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 273|		<table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2, 239>
+                 313|		endOffset=258
+                 321|		nodeType=LEAF_DEVICE
+                 322|	TableSchemaCnt=1
+                 326|	[TableSchema] TableSchema{tableName='table1', columnSchemas=[[id1,STRING,PLAIN,,UNCOMPRESSED], [id2,STRING,PLAIN,,UNCOMPRESSED], [s1,INT64,PLAIN,,UNCOMPRESSED]], columnTypes=[TAG, TAG, FIELD]}, size=54
+                 390|	[Meta Offset] 138
+                 398|	[Bloom Filter Size] bit vector byte array length=305
+                 402|	[Bloom Filter] , filterCapacity=256, hashFunctionSize=5
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] ends
+                 498|	[TsFileMetadataSize] 240
+                 502|	[magic tail] TsFile
+                 508|	END of TsFile
+---------------------------- IndexOfTimerseriesIndex Tree -----------------------------
+table1
+	[MetadataIndex:LEAF_DEVICE]
+	└──────[table1.id1_field_1.id2_field_2,239]
+			[MetadataIndex:LEAF_MEASUREMENT]
+			└──────[,139]
+---------------------------------- TsFile Sketch End ----------------------------------
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/003.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/003.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..584c5cdf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/003.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_sketch_215.txt' already exists; use --force to replace a regular file
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/005.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/005.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2af9bd99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.SketchWritesStdoutAndAtomicOutput/005.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile' is the same as the input file 'tsfile_cli_fixture_214.tsfile'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.VersionIncludesConcreteBuildMetadata/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.VersionIncludesConcreteBuildMetadata/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d735ea019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.VersionIncludesConcreteBuildMetadata/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+tsfile-cli <VERSION> tsfile=<VERSION> commit=<COMMIT> built=<BUILT>
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24e1ff918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"1000","site":"beijing","temp":21,"humidity":40.5}
+{"time":"2000","site":"beijing","temp":21.5,"humidity":41}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5051a986b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,sensors,site,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,LZ4
+table,sensors,temp,FIELD,FLOAT,GORILLA,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,sensors,humidity,FIELD,FLOAT,GORILLA,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/004.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/004.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6752d7388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/004.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: encoding for data type FLOAT specified more than once
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/005.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/005.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..572a4cba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/005.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: physical override type DOUBLE is not used by any declared TAG or FIELD
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/006.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/006.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25b8b5d0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteAppliesAndValidatesTypePhysicalOverrides/006.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: encoding GORILLA is not supported for data type BLOB
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df77ffc17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"1000","site":null,"temp":21}
+{"time":"1000","site":"","temp":22}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7fd95e316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteCsvNullAndEmptyStringRemainDistinctTags/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,sensors,site,TAG,2,2,1,1,1000,1000,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3b1d53a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"1000","site":"beijing","temp":21.5}
+{"time":"2000","site":"shanghai","temp":22}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1108045bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteMapsInputByHeaderName/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,site,temp
+1000,beijing,21.5
+2000,shanghai,22
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsExistingOutputWithoutTruncating/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsExistingOutputWithoutTruncating/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe7bd3fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsExistingOutputWithoutTruncating/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_existing_out_189.tsfile' already exists; use --force to replace a regular file
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..426bf4ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: CSV header is missing required column 'temp'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f6d2ed28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: CSV contains undeclared column 'status'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/003.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/003.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e490c285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsHeaderShapeErrorsBeforeCreatingOutput/003.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: CSV header name 'TEMP' conflicts case-insensitively
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d120bfe1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: choose exactly one of --input or --stdin
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4195dd340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsImplicitInputAndFormatFlag/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: write input format is fixed CSV; --format is not valid
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68af0964d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad timestamp '+1' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b537316a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad timestamp '01' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/003.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/003.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2b862f90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonCanonicalTimeLexemesAsInputErrors/003.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: bad timestamp '-0' (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonRegularInputBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonRegularInputBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ca4b00f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsNonRegularInputBeforeCreatingOutput/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: input must be a regular CSV file: tsfile_cli_input_dir_190
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f05739e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteRejectsUnterminatedQuotedCsvField/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: unterminated quoted CSV field (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02a928e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: output target 'tsfile_cli_target_198.csv' is the same as the input file 'tsfile_cli_target_198.csv'
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec92fe4c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteTargetFailuresAreRuntimeErrors/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot create output temporary file for 'tsfile_cli_missing_parent_199/out.tsfile': No such file or directory
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3e180a1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"0","id1":"dev","s1":"0"}
+{"time":"1","id1":"dev","s1":"10"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..087aecb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliRequirements.WriteUsesExplicitTagAndFieldOptions/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id1,s1
+0,dev,0
+1,dev,10
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04a035d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: duplicate object name after UTF-8 replacement: "bad�"
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4628d35d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+tree,bad�,left,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/006.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/006.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b4449b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/006.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+tree,bad�,left,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,1000,1000,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/009.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/009.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c24fa03c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/009.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+tree,bad�,left,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/013.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/013.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c480dbac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/013.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+tree   bad�  left    FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/016.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/016.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de70a03bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/016.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+tree   bad�  left    FIELD     1                        1               0           1000      1000      statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/019.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/019.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4f17d0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/019.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  field  data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+tree   bad�  left   INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/023.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/023.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5905cbe6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/023.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"bad�","column":"left","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/026.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/026.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8715ec0fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/026.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"bad�","column":"left","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","time_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/029.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/029.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b23d5841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/029.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"bad�","field":"left","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/063.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/063.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c846703a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/063.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,bad�,id,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,bad�,left,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/064.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/064.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bda02b6a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/064.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,bad�,left,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/066.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/066.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c470d02f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/066.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,bad�,id,TAG,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,bad�,left,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/067.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/067.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cc7f111d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/067.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,bad�,left,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/069.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/069.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbef29b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/069.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,tag.id,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,bad�,first,left,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,bad�,second,left,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/073.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/073.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..556f8ecd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/073.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+table  bad�  id      TAG       STRING     PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  bad�  left    FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/074.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/074.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..899d2bba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/074.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+table  bad�  left    FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/076.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/076.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d94fd8698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/076.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+table  bad�  id      TAG       2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  bad�  left    FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/077.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/077.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9668c67f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/077.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+table  bad�  left    FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/079.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/079.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df99e4983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/079.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object  tag.id  field  data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+table  bad�  first   left   INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  bad�  second  left   INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/083.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/083.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdd9d5f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/083.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","column":"id","category":"TAG","data_type":"STRING","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","column":"left","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/084.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/084.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5b500469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/084.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","column":"left","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/086.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/086.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c02f7915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/086.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","column":"id","category":"TAG","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","column":"left","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/087.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/087.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c7cb4d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/087.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","column":"left","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/089.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/089.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4cd2d18c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames/089.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","tag.id":"first","field":"left","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"bad�","tag.id":"second","field":"left","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81abde8aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+tree,a,bad�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a1add8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+tree,a,bad�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+tree,a,value,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+tree,b,bad�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+tree,b,value,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63044f6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+tree,a,bad�,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,1000,1000,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8fedecf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+tree,a,bad�,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,1000,1000,statistics
+tree,a,value,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,1000,1000,statistics
+tree,b,bad�,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,1000,1000,statistics
+tree,b,value,FIELD,1,\N,1,0,1000,1000,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/005.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/005.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47198b066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/005.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+tree,a,bad�,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/006.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/006.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a569e9ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/006.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model,object,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+tree,a,bad�,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+tree,a,value,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+tree,b,bad�,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+tree,b,value,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/007.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/007.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b65df608a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/007.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,bad�
+1000,42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010.0001.csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010.0001.csv.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3704e8372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010.0001.csv.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time,bad�,value
+1000,42,42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0dcbd2e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/010._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.csv","model":"tree","object":"a","type":"csv","rows":"1"},
+    {"file":"0002.csv","model":"tree","object":"b","type":"csv","rows":"1"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/011.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/011.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb2054b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/011.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+tree   a       bad�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/012.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/012.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c10a2bf5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/012.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+tree   a       bad�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+tree   a       value   FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+tree   b       bad�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+tree   b       value   FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/013.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/013.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ac7f75c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/013.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+tree   a       bad�  FIELD     1                        1               0           1000      1000      statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/014.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/014.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a37742add
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/014.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+tree   a       bad�  FIELD     1                        1               0           1000      1000      statistics
+tree   a       value   FIELD     1                        1               0           1000      1000      statistics
+tree   b       bad�  FIELD     1                        1               0           1000      1000      statistics
+tree   b       value   FIELD     1                        1               0           1000      1000      statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/015.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/015.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3a0958cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/015.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  field   data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+tree   a       bad�  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/016.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/016.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c8e82f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/016.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model  object  field   data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+tree   a       bad�  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+tree   a       value   INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+tree   b       bad�  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+tree   b       value   INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/017.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/017.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a7d9338a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/017.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time  bad�
+1000  42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020.0001.txt.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020.0001.txt.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be75de815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020.0001.txt.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+time  bad�  value
+1000  42      42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33617869a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/020._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.txt","model":"tree","object":"a","type":"table","rows":"1"},
+    {"file":"0002.txt","model":"tree","object":"b","type":"table","rows":"1"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/021.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/021.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b58204ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/021.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/022.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/022.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f372865af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/022.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","column":"value","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"b","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"b","column":"value","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/023.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/023.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4ef678d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/023.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","time_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/024.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/024.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f838e9fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/024.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","time_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","column":"value","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","time_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"b","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","time_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"b","column":"value","category":"FIELD","row_count":"1","entity_count":null,"non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","time_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/025.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/025.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7799bf1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/025.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/026.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/026.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68cbf3fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/026.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"a","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"b","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"tree","object":"b","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/027.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/027.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce7063aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/027.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"1000","bad�":"42"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030.0001.ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030.0001.ndjson.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3a4dd00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030.0001.ndjson.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"time":"1000","bad�":"42","value":"42"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f02fa8a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/030._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.ndjson","model":"tree","object":"a","type":"ndjson","rows":"1"},
+    {"file":"0002.ndjson","model":"tree","object":"b","type":"ndjson","rows":"1"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/031.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/031.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..740f8fd2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/031.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,a,bad�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/032.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/032.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72bd5e3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/032.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,a,id,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,a,bad�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,a,value,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,b,id,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,b,bad�,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,b,value,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/033.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/033.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50240d29d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/033.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,a,bad�,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/034.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/034.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df2b1be7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/034.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,a,id,TAG,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,a,bad�,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,a,value,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,b,id,TAG,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,b,bad�,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,b,value,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/035.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/035.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6571e3524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/035.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,tag.id,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,a,first,bad�,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,a,second,bad�,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/036.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/036.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fff7b3eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/036.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+model,object,tag.id,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,a,first,bad�,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,a,first,value,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,a,second,bad�,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,a,second,value,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,b,first,bad�,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,b,first,value,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,b,second,bad�,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,b,second,value,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/037.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/037.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a083cd33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/037.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id,bad�
+1000,first,42
+1001,second,42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040.0001.csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040.0001.csv.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a61c6745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040.0001.csv.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time,id,bad�,value
+1000,first,42,42
+1001,second,42,42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c72e0e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/040._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.csv","model":"table","object":"a","type":"csv","rows":"2"},
+    {"file":"0002.csv","model":"table","object":"b","type":"csv","rows":"2"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/041.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/041.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14a671b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/041.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+table  a       bad�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/042.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/042.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6525bf6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/042.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+table  a       id      TAG       STRING     PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  a       bad�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  a       value   FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  b       id      TAG       STRING     PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  b       bad�  FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  b       value   FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/043.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/043.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55342b643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/043.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+table  a       bad�  FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/044.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/044.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e97b73b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/044.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+table  a       id      TAG       2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  a       bad�  FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  a       value   FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  b       id      TAG       2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  b       bad�  FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  b       value   FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/045.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/045.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1eb580ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/045.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object  tag.id  field   data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+table  a       first   bad�  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  a       second  bad�  INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/046.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/046.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c06ef0201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/046.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+model  object  tag.id  field   data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+table  a       first   bad�  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  a       first   value   INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  a       second  bad�  INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  a       second  value   INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  b       first   bad�  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  b       first   value   INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  b       second  bad�  INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  b       second  value   INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/047.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/047.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15f855659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/047.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time  id      bad�
+1000  first   42
+1001  second  42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050.0001.txt.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050.0001.txt.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee8b8b964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050.0001.txt.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+time  id      bad�  value
+1000  first   42      42
+1001  second  42      42
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f45c6e5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/050._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.txt","model":"table","object":"a","type":"table","rows":"2"},
+    {"file":"0002.txt","model":"table","object":"b","type":"table","rows":"2"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/051.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/051.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2601573bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/051.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/052.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/052.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5c19dd9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/052.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"id","category":"TAG","data_type":"STRING","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"value","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"id","category":"TAG","data_type":"STRING","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"value","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/053.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/053.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41a973f30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/053.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/054.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/054.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9872a746f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/054.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"id","category":"TAG","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"value","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"id","category":"TAG","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"bad�","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"value","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/055.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/055.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e60c4ee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/055.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.id":"first","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.id":"second","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/056.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/056.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca3444886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/056.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.id":"first","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.id":"first","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.id":"second","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.id":"second","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","tag.id":"first","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","tag.id":"first","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","tag.id":"second","field":"bad�","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","tag.id":"second","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/057.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/057.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7058a2184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/057.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"1000","id":"first","bad�":"42"}
+{"time":"1001","id":"second","bad�":"42"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060.0001.ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060.0001.ndjson.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..509fa0cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060.0001.ndjson.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"1000","id":"first","bad�":"42","value":"42"}
+{"time":"1001","id":"second","bad�":"42","value":"42"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99bbecde2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid/060._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.ndjson","model":"table","object":"a","type":"ndjson","rows":"2"},
+    {"file":"0002.ndjson","model":"table","object":"b","type":"ndjson","rows":"2"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aeeecc0f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: duplicate column name after UTF-8 replacement: "tag.bad�"
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89b558005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model,object,column,category,data_type,encoding,compression
+table,a,bad�,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,a,value,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,b,bad�,TAG,STRING,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
+table,b,value,FIELD,INT64,PLAIN,UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..600469f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model,object,column,category,row_count,entity_count,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,time_source
+table,a,bad�,TAG,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,a,value,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,b,bad�,TAG,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
+table,b,value,FIELD,2,2,2,0,1000,1001,scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/004.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/004.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59121b06a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/004.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model,object,tag.bad�,field,data_type,non_null_count,null_count,min_time,max_time,min,max,first,last,sum,stats_source
+table,a,first,value,INT64,1,0,1000,1000,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
+table,a,second,value,INT64,1,0,1001,1001,42,42,42,42,\N,statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/006.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/006.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b6111822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/006.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model  object  column  category  data_type  encoding  compression
+table  a       bad�  TAG       STRING     PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  a       value   FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  b       bad�  TAG       STRING     PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
+table  b       value   FIELD     INT64      PLAIN     UNCOMPRESSED
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/007.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/007.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e097e3234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/007.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+model  object  column  category  row_count  entity_count  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  time_source
+table  a       bad�  TAG       2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  a       value   FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  b       bad�  TAG       2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
+table  b       value   FIELD     2          2             2               0           1000      1001      scan
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/008.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/008.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17feb2368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/008.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+model  object  tag.bad�  field  data_type  non_null_count  null_count  min_time  max_time  min  max  first  last  sum  stats_source
+table  a       first       value  INT64      1               0           1000      1000      42   42   42     42         statistics
+table  a       second      value  INT64      1               0           1001      1001      42   42   42     42         statistics
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/010.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/010.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..151d878d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/010.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"TAG","data_type":"STRING","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"value","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"bad�","category":"TAG","data_type":"STRING","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"value","category":"FIELD","data_type":"INT64","encoding":"PLAIN","compression":"UNCOMPRESSED"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/011.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/011.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbe8e563d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/011.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"bad�","category":"TAG","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","column":"value","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"bad�","category":"TAG","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
+{"model":"table","object":"b","column":"value","category":"FIELD","row_count":"2","entity_count":"2","non_null_count":"2","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1001","time_source":"scan"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/012.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/012.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b929c988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables/012.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.bad�":"first","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1000","max_time":"1000","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
+{"model":"table","object":"a","tag.bad�":"second","field":"value","data_type":"INT64","non_null_count":"1","null_count":"0","min_time":"1001","max_time":"1001","min":"42","max":"42","first":"42","last":"42","sum":null,"stats_source":"statistics"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e271411a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object
+table,t
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38f8e7f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object
+table  t
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd0b9f44b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"table","object":"t"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6846e74c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: duplicate column name after UTF-8 replacement: "bad�"
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5f490038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/006.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model,object
+tree,root.d
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74edf0911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/012.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+model  object
+tree   root.d
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..327c6ed09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/018.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"model":"tree","object":"root.d"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/019.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/019.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5f870be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/019.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+-------------------------------- TsFile Sketch --------------------------------
+file path: utf8_collision_0.tsfile
+file length: 579
+
+            POSITION|	CONTENT
+            -------- 	-------
+                   0|	[magic head] TsFile
+                   6|	[version number] 4
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.d, num of Chunks:3
+                   7|	[ChunkGroup Header]
+                   7|		[marker] 0
+                   8|		[deviceID] root.d size=8
+                  16|	[Chunk] of root.d.bad�, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                  16|		[Chunk Header] marker=5, measurementID=bad�, dataSize=35, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=12
+                  28|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:33, CompressedSize:33
+                  30|			[Page Data]  Size:33
+                  63|	[Chunk] of root.d.bad�, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                  63|		[Chunk Header] marker=5, measurementID=bad�, dataSize=35, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=10
+                  73|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:33, CompressedSize:33
+                  75|			[Page Data]  Size:33
+                 108|	[Chunk] of root.d.bad�, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 108|		[Chunk Header] marker=5, measurementID=bad�, dataSize=35, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=10
+                 118|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:33, CompressedSize:33
+                 120|			[Page Data]  Size:33
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.d ends
+                 170|	[marker] 2
+                 171|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d.bad�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:67, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 238|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=16, size=8
+                 246|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d.bad�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:65, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 311|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=63, size=8
+                 319|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d.bad�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:65, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 384|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=108, size=8
+                 392|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 392|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 393|		<bad�, 171>
+                 408|		endOffset=392
+                 416|		nodeType=LEAF_MEASUREMENT
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] begins
+                 417|	TableIndexRootCnt=1
+                 421|	[Table Name] root, size=8
+                 429|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 429|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 430|		<root.d, 392>
+                 446|		endOffset=417
+                 454|		nodeType=LEAF_DEVICE
+                 455|	TableSchemaCnt=0
+                 459|	[Meta Offset] 170
+                 467|	[Bloom Filter Size] bit vector byte array length=295
+                 471|	[Bloom Filter] , filterCapacity=256, hashFunctionSize=5
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] ends
+                 569|	[TsFileMetadataSize] 152
+                 573|	[magic tail] TsFile
+                 579|	END of TsFile
+---------------------------- IndexOfTimerseriesIndex Tree -----------------------------
+root
+	[MetadataIndex:LEAF_DEVICE]
+	└──────[root.d,392]
+			[MetadataIndex:LEAF_MEASUREMENT]
+			└──────[bad�,171]
+---------------------------------- TsFile Sketch End ----------------------------------
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/038.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/038.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5ab134cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/CliUtf8CollisionTest.TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats/038.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+-------------------------------- TsFile Sketch --------------------------------
+file path: utf8_collision_1.tsfile
+file length: 562
+
+            POSITION|	CONTENT
+            -------- 	-------
+                   0|	[magic head] TsFile
+                   6|	[version number] 4
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.d, num of Chunks:4
+                   7|	[ChunkGroup Header]
+                   7|		[marker] 0
+                   8|		[deviceID] root.d size=8
+                  16|	[Chunk] of root.d., startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1
+                  16|		[Chunk Header] marker=-123, measurementID=, dataSize=12, dataType=VECTOR, compressionType=LZ4, encodingType=TS_2DIFF, size=6
+                  22|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:24, CompressedSize:10
+                  24|			[Page Data]  Size:10
+                  34|	[Chunk] of root.d.bad�, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                  34|		[Chunk Header] marker=69, measurementID=bad�, dataSize=15, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=12
+                  46|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:13, CompressedSize:13
+                  48|			[Page Data]  Size:13
+                  61|	[Chunk] of root.d.bad�, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                  61|		[Chunk Header] marker=69, measurementID=bad�, dataSize=15, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=10
+                  71|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:13, CompressedSize:13
+                  73|			[Page Data]  Size:13
+                  86|	[Chunk] of root.d.bad�, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                  86|		[Chunk Header] marker=69, measurementID=bad�, dataSize=15, dataType=INT64, compressionType=UNCOMPRESSED, encodingType=PLAIN, size=10
+                  96|			[Page Header]  HeaderSize:2, UncompressedSize:13, CompressedSize:13
+                  98|			[Page Data]  Size:13
+||||||||||||||||||||| [ChunkGroup] of root.d ends
+                 128|	[marker] 2
+                 129|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d., tsDataType:VECTOR, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:21, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1
+                 150|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=16, size=8
+                 158|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d.bad�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:67, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 225|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=34, size=8
+                 233|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d.bad�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:65, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 298|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=61, size=8
+                 306|	[TimeseriesMetadata] of root.d.bad�, tsDataType:INT64, sizeWithoutChunkMetadata:65, startTime: 1000 endTime: 1000 count: 1 [minValue:42,maxValue:42,firstValue:42,lastValue:42,sumValue:42.0]
+                 371|		[ChunkMetadata] offset=86, size=8
+                 379|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 379|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 380|		<, 129>
+                 389|		endOffset=379
+                 397|		nodeType=LEAF_MEASUREMENT
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] begins
+                 398|	TableIndexRootCnt=1
+                 402|	[Table Name] root, size=8
+                 410|	[MetadataIndexNode]
+                 410|		 childrenCnt=1
+                 411|		<root.d, 379>
+                 427|		endOffset=398
+                 435|		nodeType=LEAF_DEVICE
+                 436|	TableSchemaCnt=0
+                 440|	[Meta Offset] 128
+                 448|	[Bloom Filter Size] bit vector byte array length=315
+                 452|	[Bloom Filter] , filterCapacity=256, hashFunctionSize=5
+||||||||||||||||||||| [TsFileMetadata] ends
+                 552|	[TsFileMetadataSize] 154
+                 556|	[magic tail] TsFile
+                 562|	END of TsFile
+---------------------------- IndexOfTimerseriesIndex Tree -----------------------------
+root
+	[MetadataIndex:LEAF_DEVICE]
+	└──────[root.d,379]
+			[MetadataIndex:LEAF_MEASUREMENT]
+			└──────[,129]
+---------------------------------- TsFile Sketch End ----------------------------------
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/ComplexTableFixture.CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/ComplexTableFixture.CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ed4a5f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/ComplexTableFixture.CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+time,site,rack,sensor,reading
+0,\N,rack0,sensor0,\N
+1,"",rack1,sensor1,1.25
+2,null,rack2,sensor2,2.5
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/001.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/001.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fc0bf205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/001.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+time  site  note
+1000  s1    line1\nline2
+2000  s2    tab\there
+3000  s3    back\\slash
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/002.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/002.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d258981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/002.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+time,site,note
+1000,s1,"line1
+line2"
+2000,s2,tab	here
+3000,s3,back\slash
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/003.stdout.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/003.stdout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a921d3512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes/003.stdout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{"time":"1000","site":"s1","note":"line1\nline2"}
+{"time":"2000","site":"s2","note":"tab\there"}
+{"time":"3000","site":"s3","note":"back\\slash"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/017.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/017.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dc41acfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/017.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: no device found in file
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/023.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/023.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5f3ccec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/023.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: device 'root.empty.d1' does not exist
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/026.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/026.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61226966b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/026.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot open tsfile_cli_missing_input.tsfile: cannot open file (code 28)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/035.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/035.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b99ac8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/035.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot open tsfile_cli_damaged_input.tsfile: file is corrupted (code 35)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/044.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/044.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61d1ae03a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/044.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot open tsfile_cli_empty_tree_353.tsfile: unsupported TsFile format version (code 56)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/053.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/053.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6abf84f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/053.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot open .: invalid path (code 37)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32b2ce953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics/062.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: cannot open tsfile_cli_fifo_input_354.tsfile: invalid path (code 37)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001._manifest.json.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001._manifest.json.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c6a56687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001._manifest.json.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "complete": false,
+  "files": [
+    {"file":"0001.csv","model":"table","object":"sensors_a","type":"csv","rows":"1"}
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dc48aaff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: failed to read rows: file is corrupted
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..318f1bfef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: input TsFile must be a pure tree-model or pure table-model file
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/002.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/002.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59392747c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/002.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: timestamps must be strictly increasing per device (line 3: 1000 <= previous 2000)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/006.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/006.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63d38bbc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/IndependentFixtures.SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors/006.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Error: expected 3 fields, got 1 (line 2)
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.CommandHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.CommandHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..975fd568f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.CommandHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --help must appear by itself or immediately after a command
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.LeadingOptionBeforeCommandIsClearError/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.LeadingOptionBeforeCommandIsClearError/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fbfe8109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.LeadingOptionBeforeCommandIsClearError/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: the command must come before options (got option '-f'); run with --help for usage
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SeedOnCatIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SeedOnCatIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..866d1b574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SeedOnCatIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --seed is not supported by tsfile-cli
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SelectIsNoLongerKnownCommand/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SelectIsNoLongerKnownCommand/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a81e717b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.SelectIsNoLongerKnownCommand/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Unknown command: select
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.TopLevelHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.TopLevelHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..485c49620
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.TopLevelHelpMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --help must appear by itself
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.UnknownCommandIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.UnknownCommandIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..968e9fe44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.UnknownCommandIsUsageError/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Unknown command: frobnicate
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.VersionMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.VersionMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d302a7fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/RunCliTest.VersionMustAppearByItself/001.stderr.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Error: --version must appear by itself
+Usage: tsfile-cli <command> [options]
+Commands: ls schema meta stats count sketch head cat export write
+Formats: table ndjson csv
+Common read options:
+  -f, --format table|ndjson|csv  output format (default: table)
+  -d, --device <name>            select one tree-model device
+  -t, --table <name>             select one table-model table
+  -m, --measurements <name>      repeat for FIELD projection
+  -n, --limit N                  max rows for head/cat
+      --offset N                 skip N matching rows
+      --start <int64>            inclusive lower time bound
+      --end <int64>              inclusive upper time bound
+Export options:
+  -o, --output <file>            single-object export target
+      --type table|ndjson|csv    export file type
+      --force                    replace a regular output file
+Write options:
+      --table <name>             target table name
+      --tag <name> STRING        declare a TAG column
+      --field <name> <type>      declare a FIELD column
+  -i, --input <file.csv>         input CSV file
+      --stdin                    read CSV from stdin
+  -o, --output <file>            destination .tsfile
+  -v, --verbose                  report write details to stderr
+  -h, --help                     print help
+      --version                  print version
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/WriteCommand.SuccessfulWriteHasExactSilentOutput/002.roundtrip.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/WriteCommand.SuccessfulWriteHasExactSilentOutput/002.roundtrip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2f954512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/e2e/WriteCommand.SuccessfulWriteHasExactSilentOutput/002.roundtrip.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"time":"0","id":"dev","value":"10"}
+{"time":"1","id":"dev","value":"20"}
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_cat_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_cat_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_cat_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_cat_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_cat_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_cat_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_cat_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_cat_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_cat_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_cat_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_cat_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_cat_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_cat_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_cat_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_count_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_count_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_count_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_count_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_count_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_count_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_count_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_count_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_count_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_count_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_count_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_count_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_export_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_export_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_export_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_export_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_export_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_export_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_export_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_export_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_export_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_export_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_export_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_export_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_head_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_head_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_head_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_head_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_head_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_head_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_head_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_head_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_head_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_head_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_head_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_head_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_ls_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_ls_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_ls_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_ls_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_ls_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_ls_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_ls_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_ls_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_ls_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_ls_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_ls_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_ls_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_meta_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_meta_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_meta_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_meta_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_meta_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_meta_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_meta_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_meta_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_meta_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_meta_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_meta_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_meta_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_schema_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_schema_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_schema_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_schema_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_schema_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_schema_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_schema_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_schema_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_schema_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_schema_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_schema_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_schema_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_sketch.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_sketch.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_sketch.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_sketch.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_stats_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_stats_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_stats_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_stats_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_stats_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_stats_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_stats_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_stats_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_stats_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_stats_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_field_stats_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_field_stats_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_cat_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_cat_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_cat_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_cat_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_export_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_cat_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_export_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_cat_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_cat_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_cat_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_cat_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_cat_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_count_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_count_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_count_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_count_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_count_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_count_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_count_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_count_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_count_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_count_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_count_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_count_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_export_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_export_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_export_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_export_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/empty_table_head_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/empty_table_export_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
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similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_schema_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_schema_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_schema_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_schema_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_schema_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_schema_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_schema_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_schema_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_schema_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_schema_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_sketch.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_sketch.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_sketch.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_sketch.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_stats_csv.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_stats_csv.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_stats_csv.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_stats_csv.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_stats_ndjson.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_stats_ndjson.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_stats_ndjson.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_stats_ndjson.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_stats_table.txt b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_stats_table.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from cpp/test/tools/golden/tree_stats_table.txt
rename to cpp/test/tools/e2e/golden/tree_stats_table.txt
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/run_cli_e2e.py b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/run_cli_e2e.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a8ba6903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/run_cli_e2e.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+"""Run file-driven E2E cases against a built or installed tsfile-cli."""
+
+import argparse
+import difflib
+import json
+import hashlib
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import shutil
+import stat
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+HAS_POSIX = os.name != "nt"
+
+
+def local_path(root, name):
+    """Resolve a suite/workspace path without allowing absolute paths or '..'."""
+    path = Path(name)
+    if not name or path.is_absolute() or ".." in path.parts:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected a relative path within {root}: {name!r}")
+    result = root / path
+    # Check parents, while allowing the leaf itself to be a symlink fixture.
+    if not result.parent.resolve().is_relative_to(root.resolve()):
+        raise ValueError(f"Path escapes {root}: {name!r}")
+    return result
+
+
+def read_expected(root, name):
+    path = local_path(root, name)
+    if path.is_symlink():
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected file must not be a symlink: {path}")
+    return path.read_bytes()
+
+
+def remove_path(path):
+    if path.is_symlink() or (path.exists() and not path.is_dir()):
+        path.unlink()
+    elif path.is_dir():
+        shutil.rmtree(path)
+
+
+def prepare(root, work, actions):
+    for action in actions:
+        target = local_path(work, action["path"])
+        remove_path(target)
+        kind = action["type"]
+        if kind == "absent":
+            continue
+        target.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        if kind == "file":
+            target.write_bytes(read_expected(root, action["source"]))
+        elif kind == "directory":
+            target.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+        elif kind == "symlink":
+            local_path(work, str(Path(action["path"]).parent / action["target"]))
+            target.symlink_to(action["target"])
+        elif kind == "fifo":
+            os.mkfifo(target)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown preparation type: {kind}")
+
+
+def tree_state(work):
+    result = {}
+    for directory, dirs, files in os.walk(work, followlinks=False):
+        for name in dirs + files:
+            path = Path(directory) / name
+            mode = path.lstat().st_mode
+            if stat.S_ISLNK(mode):
+                kind = "symlink"
+            elif stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
+                kind = "directory"
+            elif stat.S_ISFIFO(mode):
+                kind = "fifo"
+            elif stat.S_ISREG(mode):
+                kind = "file"
+            else:
+                kind = "special"
+            result[path.relative_to(work).as_posix()] = kind
+    return result
+
+
+def compare(expected, actual, label, differences):
+    if expected == actual:
+        return
+    differences.append(f"{label}: output differs\n")
+    expected_lines = expected.decode("utf-8", errors="backslashreplace").splitlines(
+        True
+    )
+    actual_lines = actual.decode("utf-8", errors="backslashreplace").splitlines(True)
+    differences.extend(
+        difflib.unified_diff(expected_lines, actual_lines, "expected", "actual")
+    )
+    if expected_lines == actual_lines:
+        differences.append(f"expected bytes: {expected!r}\nactual bytes: {actual!r}\n")
+
+
+def version_output(data, expected_version, require_concrete_commit=False):
+    match = re.fullmatch(
+        rb"tsfile-cli (\S+) tsfile=(\S+) commit=([0-9a-f]{40}|unknown) "
+        rb"built=(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}T\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}Z)\n",
+        data,
+    )
+    if not match or match[1] != match[2]:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "CLI version output has missing or inconsistent build metadata"
+        )
+    if require_concrete_commit and match[3] == b"unknown":
+        raise ValueError("CLI commit metadata must be concrete for this case")
+    if expected_version and match[1].decode() != expected_version:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Expected CLI version {expected_version}, got {match[1].decode()}"
+        )
+    return b"tsfile-cli <VERSION> tsfile=<VERSION> commit=<COMMIT> built=<BUILT>\n"
+
+
+def run_case(case, root, output, executable, timeout, expected_version):
+    destination = local_path(output, case["id"])
+    destination.mkdir(parents=True)
+    work = destination / "work"
+    work.mkdir()
+    results = []
+    for index, step in enumerate(case["steps"], 1):
+        prefix = destination / f"{index:03d}"
+        differences = []
+        record = {"args": step["args"], "expected_exit_code": step["exit_code"]}
+        try:
+            actions = step.get("prepare", [])
+            skip_reason = step.get("posix_only") if not HAS_POSIX else None
+            if skip_reason:
+                # Preserve ordinary fixture setup for later supported commands.
+                # Unsupported special files are never created on Windows.
+                actions = [a for a in actions if a["type"] not in ("fifo", "symlink")]
+            prepare(root, work, actions)
+            if skip_reason:
+                results.append(
+                    {"args": step["args"], "passed": True, "skipped": skip_reason}
+                )
+                continue
+            env = dict(os.environ, LC_ALL="C", LANG="C", TZ="UTC")
+            expected_files = {}
+            for name, kind in tree_state(work).items():
+                info = {"type": kind}
+                target = local_path(work, name)
+                if kind == "file":
+                    info["contents"] = target.read_bytes()
+                elif kind == "symlink":
+                    info["target"] = os.readlink(target)
+                expected_files[name] = info
+            for name, info in step.get("files", {}).items():
+                local_path(work, name)
+                if info["type"] == "absent":
+                    for existing in list(expected_files):
+                        if existing == name or existing.startswith(name + "/"):
+                            del expected_files[existing]
+                else:
+                    expected_files[name] = info
+            stdin_data = read_expected(root, step["stdin"]) if "stdin" in step else b""
+            with prefix.with_suffix(".stdout").open("wb") as out:
+                with prefix.with_suffix(".stderr").open("wb") as err:
+                    completed = subprocess.run(
+                        [str(executable), *step["args"]],
+                        cwd=work,
+                        env=env,
+                        input=stdin_data,
+                        stdout=out,
+                        stderr=err,
+                        timeout=timeout,
+                        check=False,
+                    )
+            record["actual_exit_code"] = completed.returncode
+            prefix.with_suffix(".exit_code").write_text(f"{completed.returncode}\n")
+            if completed.returncode != step["exit_code"]:
+                differences.append(
+                    f"exit code: expected {step['exit_code']}, actual {completed.returncode}\n"
+                )
+            stdout = prefix.with_suffix(".stdout").read_bytes()
+            stderr = prefix.with_suffix(".stderr").read_bytes()
+            if step.get("stdout_format") == "version":
+                stdout = version_output(
+                    stdout, expected_version, step.get("require_concrete_commit", False)
+                )
+            compare(read_expected(root, step["stdout"]), stdout, "stdout", differences)
+            expected_stderr = read_expected(root, step["stderr"])
+            # tools_main switches redirected stdout to binary mode on Windows,
+            # while stderr keeps the CRT's native text-mode newlines.
+            if os.name == "nt":
+                expected_stderr = expected_stderr.replace(b"\n", b"\r\n")
+            compare(expected_stderr, stderr, "stderr", differences)
+            actual_files = tree_state(work)
+            expected_kinds = {
+                name: info["type"] for name, info in expected_files.items()
+            }
+            if expected_kinds != actual_files:
+                differences.append(
+                    f"filesystem: expected {expected_kinds!r}, actual {actual_files!r}\n"
+                )
+            for name, info in expected_files.items():
+                target = local_path(work, name)
+                if actual_files.get(name) != info["type"]:
+                    continue
+                if "source" in info:
+                    compare(
+                        read_expected(root, info["source"]),
+                        target.read_bytes(),
+                        name,
+                        differences,
+                    )
+                elif "contents" in info:
+                    compare(info["contents"], target.read_bytes(), name, differences)
+                elif (
+                    info["type"] == "symlink" and os.readlink(target) != info["target"]
+                ):
+                    differences.append(f"{name}: symlink target differs\n")
+        except (OSError, ValueError, subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as error:
+            differences.append(f"execution failed: {error}\n")
+        record["passed"] = not differences
+        if differences:
+            prefix.with_suffix(".diff").write_text(
+                "".join(differences), encoding="utf-8"
+            )
+        results.append(record)
+        # Later steps may consume this command's output. Preserve this failure
+        # without running dependent steps against incomplete files.
+        if differences:
+            break
+    result = {
+        "id": case["id"],
+        "passed": all(s["passed"] for s in results),
+        "steps": results,
+    }
+    if all("skipped" in step for step in results):
+        result["skipped"] = "All steps require POSIX facilities"
+    return result
+
+
+def main(argv=None):
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--cli", required=True, help="Built or installed tsfile-cli executable"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--suite", type=Path, default=Path(__file__).with_name("cases.json")
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--output-dir",
+        type=Path,
+        required=True,
+        help="Parent directory for retained per-run outputs and reports",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--timeout", type=float, default=30, help="Timeout in seconds per command"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--expected-version", help="Also require this version in --version cases"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--case", action="append", help="Run only the named case; may be repeated"
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    try:
+        executable = shutil.which(args.cli)
+        if not executable or args.timeout <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "--cli must identify an executable and --timeout must be positive"
+            )
+        executable = Path(executable).resolve()
+        suite = json.loads(args.suite.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+        if suite["schema_version"] != 1 or not suite["cases"]:
+            raise ValueError("Expected a nonempty schema_version=1 suite")
+        root = args.suite.resolve().parent
+        cases = suite["cases"]
+        ids = [case["id"] for case in cases]
+        if len(set(ids)) != len(ids):
+            raise ValueError("Case IDs must be unique")
+        if args.case:
+            unknown = set(args.case) - set(ids)
+            if unknown:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown cases: {sorted(unknown)}")
+            cases = [case for case in cases if case["id"] in args.case]
+        for case in cases:
+            local_path(args.output_dir.resolve(), case["id"])
+            if not case["steps"]:
+                raise ValueError(f"Empty case: {case['id']}")
+            for step in case["steps"]:
+                if type(step["exit_code"]) is not int or not isinstance(
+                    step["args"], list
+                ):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Invalid exit_code/args: {case['id']}")
+                for name in (step["stdout"], step["stderr"]):
+                    read_expected(root, name)
+        args.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        args.output_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="run-", dir=args.output_dir))
+        results = []
+        for case in cases:
+            if os.name == "nt" and case.get("posix_only"):
+                results.append({"id": case["id"], "skipped": case["posix_only"]})
+                print(f"SKIP {case['id']}: {case['posix_only']}")
+                continue
+            result = run_case(
+                case,
+                root,
+                args.output_dir,
+                executable,
+                args.timeout,
+                args.expected_version,
+            )
+            results.append(result)
+            print(f"{'PASS' if result['passed'] else 'FAIL'} {case['id']}")
+        failed = sum(not r.get("passed", True) for r in results)
+        skipped = sum("skipped" in r for r in results)
+        command_count = sum(len(c["steps"]) for c in cases)
+        executed_count = sum(
+            "actual_exit_code" in step
+            for result in results
+            for step in result.get("steps", [])
+        )
+        skipped_commands = sum(
+            "skipped" in step for result in results for step in result.get("steps", [])
+        )
+        asset_hash = hashlib.sha256()
+        for folder in ("fixtures", "golden"):
+            for path in sorted((root / folder).rglob("*")):
+                if path.is_file():
+                    asset_hash.update(
+                        path.relative_to(root).as_posix().encode() + b"\0"
+                    )
+                    asset_hash.update(hashlib.sha256(path.read_bytes()).digest())
+        report = {
+            "cli_sha256": hashlib.sha256(executable.read_bytes()).hexdigest(),
+            "suite_sha256": hashlib.sha256(args.suite.read_bytes()).hexdigest(),
+            "runner_sha256": hashlib.sha256(Path(__file__).read_bytes()).hexdigest(),
+            "assets_sha256": asset_hash.hexdigest(),
+            "commands": command_count,
+            "executed_commands": executed_count,
+            "skipped_commands": skipped_commands,
+            "cli": str(executable),
+            "suite": str(args.suite.resolve()),
+            "failed": failed,
+            "skipped": skipped,
+            "cases": results,
+        }
+        (args.output_dir / "report.json").write_text(
+            json.dumps(report, indent=2) + "\n", encoding="utf-8"
+        )
+        print(
+            f"{len(results) - failed - skipped} passed, {failed} failed, {skipped} skipped; results: {args.output_dir}"
+        )
+        return 1 if failed else 0
+    except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError) as error:
+        print(f"Invalid E2E invocation or suite: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/e2e/test_runner.py b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/test_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69383ea76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cpp/test/tools/e2e/test_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+"""Exercise runner failures with real child processes, without a TsFile build."""
+
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from unittest import mock
+
+import run_cli_e2e
+
+
+class RunnerTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.temporary = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self.temporary.cleanup)
+        self.root = Path(self.temporary.name)
+        (self.root / "empty.txt").write_bytes(b"")
+        self.step = {
+            "args": ["-c", "pass"],
+            "exit_code": 0,
+            "stdout": "empty.txt",
+            "stderr": "empty.txt",
+            "files": {},
+        }
+
+    def run_suite(self, steps=None, **options):
+        suite = {
+            "schema_version": 1,
+            "cases": [{"id": "example", "steps": steps or [self.step]}],
+        }
+        (self.root / "cases.json").write_text(json.dumps(suite))
+        command = [
+            sys.executable,
+            str(Path(__file__).with_name("run_cli_e2e.py")),
+            "--cli",
+            sys.executable,
+            "--suite",
+            str(self.root / "cases.json"),
+            "--output-dir",
+            str(self.root / "results"),
+        ]
+        for key, value in options.items():
+            command.extend(["--" + key.replace("_", "-"), str(value)])
+        result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, timeout=15)
+        reports = list((self.root / "results").glob("run-*/report.json"))
+        report = json.loads(reports[-1].read_text()) if reports else None
+        return result, report
+
+    def test_wrong_exit_code_fails_even_with_identical_empty_files(self):
+        self.step["args"] = ["-c", "raise SystemExit(7)"]
+        result, report = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(report["cases"][0]["steps"][0]["actual_exit_code"], 7)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "expected 0, actual 7",
+            next((self.root / "results").rglob("*.diff")).read_text(),
+        )
+
+    def test_expected_nonzero_exit_code_passes(self):
+        self.step.update(args=["-c", "raise SystemExit(2)"], exit_code=2)
+        result, report = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+        self.assertEqual(report["failed"], 0)
+
+    def test_stdout_and_stderr_are_checked_independently(self):
+        for stream in ("stdout", "stderr"):
+            with self.subTest(stream=stream):
+                self.step["args"] = [
+                    "-c",
+                    f"import sys; sys.{stream}.write('unexpected')",
+                ]
+                result, report = self.run_suite()
+                self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+                self.assertEqual(report["failed"], 1)
+
+    def test_export_content_is_checked_and_golden_is_unchanged(self):
+        (self.root / "expected.txt").write_bytes(b"expected\n")
+        self.step["args"] = [
+            "-c",
+            "from pathlib import Path; Path('export.csv').write_bytes(b'wrong\\n')",
+        ]
+        self.step["files"] = {"export.csv": {"type": "file", "source": "expected.txt"}}
+        result, _ = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+        self.assertEqual((self.root / "expected.txt").read_bytes(), b"expected\n")
+
+    def test_missing_or_unexpected_files_fail(self):
+        self.step["files"] = {"missing.csv": {"type": "file"}}
+        result, _ = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+        self.step["files"] = {}
+        self.step["args"] = ["-c", "from pathlib import Path; Path('extra').touch()"]
+        result, _ = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+
+    def test_steps_share_generated_files_and_stdin_is_preserved(self):
+        (self.root / "input.txt").write_bytes(b"a\r\nb\n")
+        self.step.update(
+            args=[
+                "-c",
+                "import sys; from pathlib import Path; Path('data').write_bytes(sys.stdin.buffer.read())",
+            ],
+            stdin="input.txt",
+            files={"data": {"type": "file", "source": "input.txt"}},
+        )
+        second = dict(
+            self.step,
+            args=[
+                "-c",
+                "import sys; from pathlib import Path; sys.stdout.buffer.write(Path('data').read_bytes())",
+            ],
+            stdout="input.txt",
+        )
+        second.pop("stdin")
+        result, _ = self.run_suite([self.step, second])
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+
+    def test_timeout_fails_without_running_dependent_steps(self):
+        self.step["args"] = ["-c", "import time; time.sleep(10)"]
+        result, report = self.run_suite([self.step, dict(self.step)], timeout=0.2)
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(report["cases"][0]["steps"]), 1)
+
+    def test_unknown_case_is_an_error(self):
+        result, report = self.run_suite(case="typo")
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 2)
+        self.assertIsNone(report)
+
+    def test_expected_paths_cannot_escape_the_suite(self):
+        self.step["stdout"] = "../outside.txt"
+        result, report = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 2)
+        self.assertIsNone(report)
+
+    def test_skipped_posix_step_preserves_ordinary_setup_for_later_steps(self):
+        (self.root / "expected.txt").write_bytes(b"hello\n")
+        first = dict(
+            self.step,
+            posix_only="raw byte arguments",
+            prepare=[
+                {"path": "input", "type": "file", "source": "expected.txt"},
+                {"path": "pipe", "type": "fifo"},
+            ],
+        )
+        second = dict(
+            self.step,
+            args=[
+                "-c",
+                "import sys; from pathlib import Path; sys.stdout.buffer.write(Path('input').read_bytes())",
+            ],
+            stdout="expected.txt",
+        )
+        destination = self.root / "direct-results"
+        destination.mkdir()
+        with mock.patch.object(run_cli_e2e, "HAS_POSIX", False):
+            result = run_cli_e2e.run_case(
+                {"id": "skip", "steps": [first, second]},
+                self.root,
+                destination,
+                Path(sys.executable),
+                5,
+                None,
+            )
+        self.assertTrue(result["passed"], result)
+        self.assertIn("skipped", result["steps"][0])
+        self.assertNotIn("skipped", result["steps"][1])
+
+    def test_unlisted_input_changes_fail(self):
+        self.step.update(
+            prepare=[{"path": "input", "type": "file", "source": "empty.txt"}],
+            args=[
+                "-c",
+                "from pathlib import Path; Path('input').write_bytes(b'changed')",
+            ],
+        )
+        result, _ = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == "nt", "POSIX signals")
+    def test_signal_exit_fails_even_with_empty_outputs(self):
+        self.step["args"] = [
+            "-c",
+            "import os, signal; os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGTERM)",
+        ]
+        result, report = self.run_suite()
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 1)
+        self.assertLess(report["cases"][0]["steps"][0]["actual_exit_code"], 0)
+
+    def test_concrete_commit_requirement_is_preserved(self):
+        data = (
+            b"tsfile-cli 2.5.0 tsfile=2.5.0 commit=unknown built=2026-10-13T00:00:00Z\n"
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            run_cli_e2e.version_output(data, "2.5.0", require_concrete_commit=True)
+
+    def test_runner_can_be_repeated_without_overwriting_previous_results(self):
+        for _ in range(2):
+            result, _ = self.run_suite()
+            self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list((self.root / "results").glob("run-*/report.json"))), 2
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/model_format_e2e_test.cc b/cpp/test/tools/model_format_e2e_test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index bbd2ba7c9..000000000
--- a/cpp/test/tools/model_format_e2e_test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,699 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <direct.h>
-#else
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#include "cli/run_cli.h"
-#include "cli_test_util.h"
-
-#ifndef TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR
-#define TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR "."
-#endif
-
-namespace {
-
-struct ModelFile {
-    bool tree;
-    std::vector<std::string> scope;
-};
-
-struct CliResult {
-    int code;
-    std::string out;
-    std::string err;
-};
-
-class BothModels : public ::testing::TestWithParam<ModelFile> {
-   protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        char current_directory[4096];
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        ASSERT_NE(_getcwd(current_directory, sizeof(current_directory)),
-                  nullptr);
-#else
-        ASSERT_NE(getcwd(current_directory, sizeof(current_directory)),
-                  nullptr);
-#endif
-        original_directory_ = current_directory;
-        fixture_directory_ =
-            tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_model_work", "");
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        ASSERT_EQ(_mkdir(fixture_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-        ASSERT_EQ(_chdir(fixture_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-#else
-        ASSERT_EQ(mkdir(fixture_directory_.c_str(), 0700), 0);
-        ASSERT_EQ(chdir(fixture_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-#endif
-
-        path_ = GetParam().tree ? "tsfile_cli_complex_tree_golden.tsfile"
-                                : "tsfile_cli_complex_table_golden.tsfile";
-        const std::string fixture =
-            std::string(TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR) + "/test/tools/fixtures/" +
-            (GetParam().tree ? "complex_tree.tsfile" : "complex_table.tsfile");
-        std::ifstream source(fixture.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(source.good()) << "missing fixed fixture " << fixture;
-        std::ofstream destination(path_.c_str(),
-                                  std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(destination.good()) << path_;
-        destination << source.rdbuf();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(destination.good()) << path_;
-    }
-    void TearDown() override {
-        std::remove(path_.c_str());
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        ASSERT_EQ(_chdir(original_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-        ASSERT_EQ(_rmdir(fixture_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-#else
-        ASSERT_EQ(chdir(original_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-        ASSERT_EQ(rmdir(fixture_directory_.c_str()), 0);
-#endif
-    }
-
-    std::string path_;
-    std::string original_directory_;
-    std::string fixture_directory_;
-};
-
-std::string run(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int* code,
-                std::string* err = nullptr) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream diagnostics;
-    *code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, diagnostics);
-    if (err != nullptr) *err = diagnostics.str();
-    return out.str();
-}
-
-CliResult execute(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    std::ostringstream out;
-    std::ostringstream err;
-    int code = tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err);
-    return {code, out.str(), err.str()};
-}
-
-void expect_cli_exact(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int expected_code,
-                      const std::string& expected_out,
-                      const std::string& expected_err) {
-    CliResult actual = execute(args);
-    EXPECT_EQ(actual.code, expected_code);
-    EXPECT_EQ(actual.out, expected_out);
-    EXPECT_EQ(actual.err, expected_err);
-}
-
-std::string read_bytes(const std::string& path) {
-    std::ifstream in(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-    std::ostringstream bytes;
-    bytes << in.rdbuf();
-    return bytes.str();
-}
-
-void expect_or_update_golden(const std::string& name,
-                             const std::string& actual) {
-    const std::string path = std::string(TSFILE_CPP_SOURCE_DIR) +
-                             "/test/tools/golden/" + name + ".txt";
-    if (std::getenv("TSFILE_UPDATE_CLI_GOLDENS") != nullptr) {
-        std::ofstream out(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(out.good()) << path;
-        out.write(actual.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(actual.size()));
-        ASSERT_TRUE(out.good()) << path;
-        return;
-    }
-    std::ifstream expected_file(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(expected_file.good())
-        << "missing golden " << path
-        << "; regenerate with TSFILE_UPDATE_CLI_GOLDENS=1";
-    std::ostringstream expected;
-    expected << expected_file.rdbuf();
-    EXPECT_EQ(actual, expected.str()) << name;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST_P(BothModels, MetadataCommandsImplementAllPublicFormats) {
-    const std::string model = GetParam().tree ? "tree" : "table";
-    const std::vector<std::string> commands = {"ls", "schema", "meta", "stats",
-                                               "count"};
-    const std::vector<std::string> formats = {"table", "ndjson", "csv"};
-    for (const auto& command : commands) {
-        for (const auto& format : formats) {
-            int code = -1;
-            std::string err;
-            std::string output =
-                run({command, "-f", format, path_}, &code, &err);
-            EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << command << " " << format << ": " << err;
-            expect_or_update_golden(model + "_" + command + "_" + format,
-                                    output);
-            EXPECT_EQ(err, "") << command << " " << format;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_P(BothModels, RowCommandsPreserveRowsAcrossFormats) {
-    const std::string model = GetParam().tree ? "tree" : "table";
-    const auto& scope = GetParam().scope;
-    const std::vector<std::string> formats = {"table", "ndjson", "csv"};
-    for (const auto& command : {std::string("head"), std::string("cat")}) {
-        for (const auto& format : formats) {
-            std::vector<std::string> args = {
-                command, scope[0], scope[1], "-n", "2", "-f", format, path_};
-            int code = -1;
-            std::string err;
-            std::string output = run(args, &code, &err);
-            EXPECT_EQ(code, 0) << command << " " << format << ": " << err;
-            expect_or_update_golden(model + "_" + command + "_" + format,
-                                    output);
-            EXPECT_EQ(err, "") << command << " " << format;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_P(BothModels, SketchAndExportSupportBothModelKinds) {
-    const std::string model = GetParam().tree ? "tree" : "table";
-    int sketch_code = -1;
-    std::string sketch_err;
-    std::string sketch = run({"sketch", path_}, &sketch_code, &sketch_err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(sketch_code, 0) << sketch_err;
-    expect_or_update_golden(model + "_sketch", sketch);
-    EXPECT_EQ(sketch_err, "");
-
-    const auto& scope = GetParam().scope;
-    std::string exported =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_model_export", ".csv");
-    int export_code = -1;
-    std::string export_err;
-    std::string export_stdout = run(
-        {"export", scope[0], scope[1], "--type", "csv", "-o", exported, path_},
-        &export_code, &export_err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(export_code, 0) << export_err;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(export_stdout.empty());
-    std::ifstream exported_file(exported.c_str());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(exported_file.good());
-    exported_file.close();
-    expect_or_update_golden(model + "_export_csv", read_bytes(exported));
-    std::remove(exported.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BothModels, EverySuccessfulCommandHasExactGoldenOutput) {
-    const std::string model = GetParam().tree ? "tree" : "table";
-    for (const auto& command :
-         {std::string("ls"), std::string("schema"), std::string("meta"),
-          std::string("stats"), std::string("count")}) {
-        for (const auto& format : {std::string("table"), std::string("ndjson"),
-                                   std::string("csv")}) {
-            CliResult result = execute({command, "-f", format, path_});
-            EXPECT_EQ(result.code, 0) << command << " " << format;
-            expect_or_update_golden(model + "_" + command + "_" + format,
-                                    result.out);
-            EXPECT_EQ(result.err, "") << command << " " << format;
-        }
-    }
-
-    const auto& scope = GetParam().scope;
-    for (const auto& command : {std::string("head"), std::string("cat")}) {
-        for (const auto& format : {std::string("table"), std::string("ndjson"),
-                                   std::string("csv")}) {
-            CliResult result = execute(
-                {command, scope[0], scope[1], "-n", "2", "-f", format, path_});
-            EXPECT_EQ(result.code, 0) << command << " " << format;
-            expect_or_update_golden(model + "_" + command + "_" + format,
-                                    result.out);
-            EXPECT_EQ(result.err, "") << command << " " << format;
-        }
-    }
-
-    CliResult sketch = execute({"sketch", path_});
-    EXPECT_EQ(sketch.code, 0);
-    expect_or_update_golden(model + "_sketch", sketch.out);
-    EXPECT_EQ(sketch.err, "");
-
-    for (const auto& format :
-         {std::string("table"), std::string("ndjson"), std::string("csv")}) {
-        const std::string target = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_export_golden_" + model + "_" + format, ".out");
-        CliResult result = execute({"export", scope[0], scope[1], "--type",
-                                    format, "-o", target, path_});
-        EXPECT_EQ(result.code, 0) << format;
-        EXPECT_EQ(result.out, "");
-        EXPECT_EQ(result.err, "");
-        expect_or_update_golden(model + "_export_" + format,
-                                read_bytes(target));
-        std::remove(target.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(ComplexTableFixture, ContainsBothTablesAndNullValues) {
-    const std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_complex_table_fixture();
-    expect_cli_exact({"ls", "-f", "csv", path}, 0,
-                     "model,object\n"
-                     "table,table1\n"
-                     "table,table2\n",
-                     "");
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(ComplexTableFixture, CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte) {
-    const std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_complex_table_fixture();
-    expect_cli_exact({"head", "-t", "table2", "-n", "3", "-f", "csv", path}, 0,
-                     "time,site,rack,sensor,reading\n"
-                     "0,\\N,rack0,sensor0,\\N\n"
-                     "1,\"\",rack1,sensor1,1.25\n"
-                     "2,null,rack2,sensor2,2.5\n",
-                     "");
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(ComplexTreeFixture, CsvAnswersMatchByteForByte) {
-    const std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_complex_tree_fixture();
-    expect_cli_exact(
-        {"head", "-d", "root.test.d1", "-n", "2", "-f", "csv", path}, 0,
-        "time,m1,m2,m3,m4,m5\n"
-        "0,0,0.5,value_0,0,100.5\n"
-        "1,1,1.5,value_1,2,101.5\n",
-        "");
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(WriteCommand, SuccessfulWriteHasExactSilentOutput) {
-    const std::string input = "tsfile_cli_write_golden.csv";
-    const std::string output = "tsfile_cli_write_golden.tsfile";
-    std::remove(input.c_str());
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-    {
-        std::ofstream csv(input.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(csv.good());
-        csv << "time,id,value\n0,dev,10\n1,dev,20\n";
-    }
-    expect_cli_exact({"write", "--table", "written", "--tag", "id", "STRING",
-                      "--field", "value", "INT64", "-i", input, "-o", output},
-                     0, "", "");
-    EXPECT_TRUE(std::ifstream(output.c_str()).good());
-    std::remove(input.c_str());
-    std::remove(output.c_str());
-}
-
-void rename_fixture(const std::string& generated, const std::string& stable) {
-    std::remove(stable.c_str());
-    ASSERT_EQ(std::rename(generated.c_str(), stable.c_str()), 0);
-}
-
-void expect_success_golden(const std::string& name,
-                           const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    CliResult result = execute(args);
-    ASSERT_EQ(result.code, 0) << name << ": " << result.err;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result.err.empty()) << name << ": " << result.err;
-    expect_or_update_golden(name, result.out);
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, EmptyAndCategoryFilesHaveExactOutputs) {
-    struct Fixture {
-        std::string name;
-        std::string path;
-        std::string scope;
-    };
-    const std::string empty_table = "tsfile_cli_empty_table_golden.tsfile";
-    const std::string category_edge = "tsfile_cli_category_edge_golden.tsfile";
-    const std::string empty_field = "tsfile_cli_empty_field_golden.tsfile";
-    rename_fixture(tsfile_cli_test::write_empty_table_fixture(), empty_table);
-    rename_fixture(tsfile_cli_test::write_category_edge_fixture(),
-                   category_edge);
-    rename_fixture(tsfile_cli_test::write_empty_field_fixture(), empty_field);
-
-    const std::vector<Fixture> fixtures = {
-        {"empty_table", empty_table, "sensors"},
-        {"category_edge", category_edge, "category_edge"},
-        {"empty_field", empty_field, "sensors"}};
-    for (const Fixture& fixture : fixtures) {
-        for (const std::string& command :
-             {"ls", "schema", "meta", "stats", "count"}) {
-            for (const std::string& format : {"table", "ndjson", "csv"}) {
-                expect_success_golden(
-                    fixture.name + "_" + command + "_" + format,
-                    {command, "-f", format, fixture.path});
-            }
-        }
-        for (const std::string& command : {"head", "cat"}) {
-            for (const std::string& format : {"table", "ndjson", "csv"}) {
-                expect_success_golden(
-                    fixture.name + "_" + command + "_" + format,
-                    {command, "-t", fixture.scope, "-f", format, fixture.path});
-            }
-        }
-        expect_success_golden(fixture.name + "_sketch",
-                              {"sketch", fixture.path});
-        for (const std::string& format : {"table", "ndjson", "csv"}) {
-            const std::string target =
-                "tsfile_cli_" + fixture.name + "_export_" + format + ".out";
-            std::remove(target.c_str());
-            CliResult result = execute({"export", "-t", fixture.scope, "--type",
-                                        format, "-o", target, fixture.path});
-            ASSERT_EQ(result.code, 0)
-                << fixture.name << " " << format << ": " << result.err;
-            ASSERT_TRUE(result.out.empty());
-            ASSERT_TRUE(result.err.empty());
-            ASSERT_TRUE(std::ifstream(target.c_str(), std::ios::binary).good());
-            expect_or_update_golden(fixture.name + "_export_" + format,
-                                    read_bytes(target));
-            std::remove(target.c_str());
-        }
-    }
-    std::remove(empty_table.c_str());
-    std::remove(category_edge.c_str());
-    std::remove(empty_field.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, EmptyTreeAndInputFailuresHaveExactDiagnostics) {
-    const std::string empty_tree = "tsfile_cli_empty_tree_golden.tsfile";
-    rename_fixture(tsfile_cli_test::write_empty_tree_fixture(), empty_tree);
-
-    // A schema-only tree is a legal empty TsFile, but it has no device index;
-    // metadata commands still succeed with deterministic header-only output.
-    for (const std::string& command :
-         {"ls", "schema", "meta", "stats", "count"}) {
-        for (const std::string& format : {"table", "ndjson", "csv"}) {
-            expect_success_golden("empty_tree_" + command + "_" + format,
-                                  {command, "-f", format, empty_tree});
-        }
-    }
-    expect_success_golden("empty_tree_sketch", {"sketch", empty_tree});
-
-    // Row/export commands cannot select an absent device; verify their
-    // user-facing usage failure exactly instead of merely checking a substring.
-    for (const std::string& command : {"head", "cat"}) {
-        for (const std::string& format : {"table", "ndjson", "csv"}) {
-            expect_cli_exact({command, "-f", format, empty_tree}, 3, "",
-                             "Error: no device found in file\n");
-        }
-    }
-    for (const std::string& format : {"table", "ndjson", "csv"}) {
-        const std::string target = "tsfile_cli_empty_tree_export_" + format;
-        expect_cli_exact({"export", "-d", "root.empty.d1", "--type", format,
-                          "-o", target, empty_tree},
-                         1, "",
-                         "Error: device 'root.empty.d1' does not exist\n");
-        std::remove(target.c_str());
-    }
-    std::remove(empty_tree.c_str());
-
-    const std::vector<std::string> commands = {"ls",    "schema", "meta",
-                                               "stats", "count",  "head",
-                                               "cat",   "sketch", "export"};
-    const auto input_args = [](const std::string& command,
-                               const std::string& path) {
-        if (command == "export") {
-            return std::vector<std::string>{"export",
-                                            "-t",
-                                            "missing",
-                                            "--type",
-                                            "csv",
-                                            "-o",
-                                            "tsfile_cli_input_error.csv",
-                                            path};
-        }
-        std::vector<std::string> args = {command};
-        if (command != "sketch" && command != "head" && command != "cat") {
-            args.insert(args.end(), {"-f", "csv"});
-        }
-        args.push_back(path);
-        return args;
-    };
-    const std::string missing = "tsfile_cli_missing_input.tsfile";
-    std::remove(missing.c_str());
-    for (const std::string& command : commands) {
-        std::remove("tsfile_cli_input_error.csv");
-        expect_cli_exact(
-            input_args(command, missing), 2, "",
-            "Error: cannot open " + missing + ": cannot open file (code 28)\n");
-    }
-    const std::string damaged = "tsfile_cli_damaged_input.tsfile";
-    {
-        std::ofstream out(damaged.c_str(), std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(out.good());
-        out << "not a TsFile";
-    }
-    for (const std::string& command : commands) {
-        std::remove("tsfile_cli_input_error.csv");
-        expect_cli_exact(input_args(command, damaged), 2, "",
-                         "Error: cannot open " + damaged +
-                             ": file is corrupted (code 35)\n");
-    }
-    std::remove(damaged.c_str());
-
-    const std::string unsupported = tsfile_cli_test::write_empty_tree_fixture();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(unsupported.empty());
-    {
-        std::fstream file(unsupported.c_str(),
-                          std::ios::in | std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(file.good());
-        file.seekp(storage::MAGIC_STRING_TSFILE_LEN);
-        file.put(static_cast<char>(0xff));
-    }
-    for (const std::string& command : commands) {
-        std::remove("tsfile_cli_input_error.csv");
-        expect_cli_exact(input_args(command, unsupported), 2, "",
-                         "Error: cannot open " + unsupported +
-                             ": unsupported TsFile format version (code 56)\n");
-    }
-    std::remove(unsupported.c_str());
-
-    // Directories are special input paths, not TsFiles.  The check is made in
-    // LocalRandomAccessReadFile before magic parsing, so this diagnostic is
-    // stable across all read commands and does not leak parser output to
-    // stdout.
-    for (const std::string& command : commands) {
-        std::remove("tsfile_cli_input_error.csv");
-        expect_cli_exact(input_args(command, "."), 2, "",
-                         "Error: cannot open .: invalid path (code 37)\n");
-    }
-#ifndef _WIN32
-    // A FIFO (named pipe) is a special file, not a TsFile.  POSIX
-    // open(O_RDONLY) would otherwise block until a writer appears, so the
-    // reader must preflight the file type and fail fast with the same stable
-    // diagnostic instead of hanging.
-    {
-        const std::string fifo = tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path(
-            "tsfile_cli_fifo_input", ".tsfile");
-        ASSERT_EQ(mkfifo(fifo.c_str(), 0600), 0);
-        for (const std::string& command : commands) {
-            std::remove("tsfile_cli_input_error.csv");
-            expect_cli_exact(
-                input_args(command, fifo), 2, "",
-                "Error: cannot open " + fifo + ": invalid path (code 37)\n");
-        }
-        std::remove(fifo.c_str());
-    }
-#endif
-    std::remove("tsfile_cli_input_error.csv");
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, NonPureFilesAreRejectedWithExactDiagnostics) {
-    const std::string path = tsfile_cli_test::write_non_pure_fixture();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(path.empty());
-
-    const std::vector<std::string> commands = {"ls",    "schema", "meta",
-                                               "stats", "count",  "head",
-                                               "cat",   "sketch", "export"};
-    const auto input_args = [](const std::string& command,
-                               const std::string& file) {
-        if (command == "export") {
-            return std::vector<std::string>{"export",
-                                            "-t",
-                                            "hybrid_table",
-                                            "--type",
-                                            "csv",
-                                            "-o",
-                                            "tsfile_cli_non_pure_export.csv",
-                                            file};
-        }
-        std::vector<std::string> args = {command};
-        if (command != "sketch" && command != "head" && command != "cat") {
-            args.insert(args.end(), {"-f", "csv"});
-        }
-        args.push_back(file);
-        return args;
-    };
-    const std::string expected =
-        "Error: input TsFile must be a pure tree-model or pure table-model "
-        "file\n";
-    for (const std::string& command : commands) {
-        std::remove("tsfile_cli_non_pure_export.csv");
-        expect_cli_exact(input_args(command, path), 2, "", expected);
-    }
-    std::remove("tsfile_cli_non_pure_export.csv");
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, MultiTableCorruptionStopsExportAfterFirstObject) {
-    const std::string path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::write_multi_table_corrupt_fixture();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(path.empty());
-    const std::string output_dir =
-        tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("tsfile_cli_corrupt_export_dir", "");
-    std::remove((output_dir + "/0001.csv").c_str());
-    std::remove((output_dir + "/0002.csv").c_str());
-    std::remove((output_dir + "/_manifest.json").c_str());
-
-    CliResult result =
-        execute({"export", "-t", "sensors_a", "-t", "sensors_b", "--type",
-                 "csv", "--output-dir", output_dir, path});
-    const std::string expected_error =
-        "Error: failed to read rows: file is corrupted\n";
-    expect_cli_exact({"cat", "-t", "sensors_b", "-f", "csv", path}, 2, "",
-                     expected_error);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result.code, 2) << result.out << result.err;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result.out.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(result.err, expected_error);
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_bytes(output_dir + "/0001.csv"),
-              "time,id1,s1\n0,sensors_a_tag,10\n");
-    EXPECT_FALSE(std::ifstream(output_dir + "/0002.csv").good());
-    EXPECT_EQ(read_bytes(output_dir + "/_manifest.json"),
-              "{\n  \"complete\": false,\n  \"files\": [\n"
-              "    {\"file\":\"0001.csv\",\"model\":\"table\","
-              "\"object\":\"sensors_a\",\"type\":\"csv\","
-              "\"rows\":\"1\"}\n  ]\n}\n");
-
-    std::remove((output_dir + "/0001.csv").c_str());
-    std::remove((output_dir + "/0002.csv").c_str());
-    std::remove((output_dir + "/_manifest.json").c_str());
-    std::remove(output_dir.c_str());
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, NullableTagsHaveExactPredicateResults) {
-    const std::string path =
-        tsfile_cli_test::write_nullable_tag_filter_fixture();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(path.empty());
-
-    const auto cat = [&path](const std::vector<std::string>& filter) {
-        std::vector<std::string> args = {"cat", "-t", "t1",
-                                         "-m",  "s1", "--tag-filter"};
-        args.insert(args.end(), filter.begin(), filter.end());
-        args.insert(args.end(), {"-f", "csv", path});
-        return args;
-    };
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "is-null"}), 0, "time,id1,s1\n0,\\N,10\n", "");
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "not-null"}), 0,
-                     "time,id1,s1\n1,\"\",20\n3,dev_a,40\n4,dev_b,50\n"
-                     "2,null,30\n",
-                     "");
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "eq", ""}), 0, "time,id1,s1\n1,\"\",20\n", "");
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "eq", "null"}), 0, "time,id1,s1\n2,null,30\n",
-                     "");
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "neq", "dev_a"}), 0,
-                     "time,id1,s1\n1,\"\",20\n4,dev_b,50\n2,null,30\n", "");
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "regexp", "dev"}), 0, "time,id1,s1\n", "");
-    expect_cli_exact(cat({"id1", "regexp", "dev_.*"}), 0,
-                     "time,id1,s1\n3,dev_a,40\n4,dev_b,50\n", "");
-
-    std::remove(path.c_str());
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, SpecialCsvInputsHaveExactCodesAndErrors) {
-    struct Case {
-        const char* name;
-        const char* csv;
-        const char* expected;
-    };
-    const Case cases[] = {
-        {"invalid_time", "time,site,temp\n01,dev,1\n",
-         "Error: bad timestamp '01' (line 2)\n"},
-        {"out_of_order", "time,site,temp\n2000,dev,1\n1000,dev,2\n",
-         "Error: timestamps must be strictly increasing per device (line 3: "
-         "1000 <= previous 2000)\n"},
-        {"undeclared", "time,site,temp,status\n0,dev,1,ok\n",
-         "Error: CSV contains undeclared column 'status'\n"},
-        {"missing_column", "time,site\n0,beijing\n",
-         "Error: CSV header is missing required column 'temp'\n"},
-        {"unclosed_quote", "time,site,temp\n0,dev,\"unterminated\n",
-         "Error: unterminated quoted CSV field (line 2)\n"},
-        {"comment", "time,site,temp\n# comment\n",
-         "Error: expected 3 fields, got 1 (line 2)\n"},
-    };
-    for (const Case& test_case : cases) {
-        const std::string csv_path =
-            std::string("tsfile_cli_") + test_case.name + ".csv";
-        const std::string output_path =
-            std::string("tsfile_cli_") + test_case.name + ".tsfile";
-        std::remove(csv_path.c_str());
-        std::remove(output_path.c_str());
-        {
-            std::ofstream csv(csv_path.c_str(),
-                              std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(csv.good());
-            csv << test_case.csv;
-        }
-        expect_cli_exact(
-            {"write", "--table", "sensors", "--tag", "site", "STRING",
-             "--field", "temp", "INT64", "-i", csv_path, "-o", output_path},
-            2, "", test_case.expected);
-        EXPECT_FALSE(std::ifstream(output_path.c_str()).good());
-        std::remove(csv_path.c_str());
-        std::remove(output_path.c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST(IndependentFixtures, ControlCharCellsRenderAsVisibleEscapes) {
-    const std::string fixture = tsfile_cli_test::write_control_char_fixture();
-
-    // `table` keeps one logical record on one physical line by escaping
-    // newline, tab and backslash into visible two-character sequences.
-    expect_cli_exact({"cat", "-t", "t1", "-f", "table", fixture}, 0,
-                     "time  site  note\n"
-                     "1000  s1    line1\\nline2\n"
-                     "2000  s2    tab\\there\n"
-                     "3000  s3    back\\\\slash\n",
-                     "");
-
-    // CSV/NDJSON keep their machine-format semantics unchanged: the embedded
-    // newline/tab/backslash survive verbatim inside CSV quotes or as JSON
-    // escapes, never flattened into the visible table representation.
-    expect_cli_exact({"cat", "-t", "t1", "-f", "csv", fixture}, 0,
-                     "time,site,note\n"
-                     "1000,s1,\"line1\nline2\"\n"
-                     "2000,s2,tab\there\n"
-                     "3000,s3,back\\slash\n",
-                     "");
-    expect_cli_exact(
-        {"cat", "-t", "t1", "-f", "ndjson", fixture}, 0,
-        "{\"time\":\"1000\",\"site\":\"s1\",\"note\":\"line1\\nline2\"}\n"
-        "{\"time\":\"2000\",\"site\":\"s2\",\"note\":\"tab\\there\"}\n"
-        "{\"time\":\"3000\",\"site\":\"s3\",\"note\":\"back\\\\slash\"}\n",
-        "");
-
-    std::remove(fixture.c_str());
-}
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(TreeAndTable, BothModels,
-                         ::testing::Values(ModelFile{true,
-                                                     {"-d", "root.test.d1"}},
-                                           ModelFile{false, {"-t", "table2"}}),
-                         [](const ::testing::TestParamInfo<ModelFile>& info) {
-                             return info.index == 0 ? "Tree" : "Table";
-                         });
diff --git a/cpp/test/tools/utf8_collision_e2e_test.cc b/cpp/test/tools/utf8_collision_e2e_test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index cedca663b..000000000
--- a/cpp/test/tools/utf8_collision_e2e_test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,438 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * License); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "cli/run_cli.h"
-#include "cli_test_util.h"
-#include "format/input_format.h"
-
-namespace {
-
-const std::vector<std::string> kFormats = {"csv", "table", "ndjson"};
-const std::vector<std::string> kNames = {"bad\xff", "bad\xfe",
-                                         "bad\xef\xbf\xbd"};
-
-struct TreeDefinition {
-    std::string device;
-    std::vector<std::string> fields;
-};
-
-struct TableDefinition {
-    std::string table;
-    std::vector<std::string> tags;
-    std::vector<std::string> fields;
-};
-
-class CliUtf8CollisionTest : public ::testing::Test {
-   protected:
-    void SetUp() override { storage::libtsfile_init(); }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        for (const auto& path : files_) std::remove(path.c_str());
-        for (const auto& path : directories_) {
-            for (const auto& name :
-                 {"_manifest.json", "0001.csv", "0002.csv", "0001.ndjson",
-                  "0002.ndjson", "0001.txt", "0002.txt"}) {
-                std::remove((path + "/" + name).c_str());
-            }
-#ifdef _WIN32
-            _rmdir(path.c_str());
-#else
-            rmdir(path.c_str());
-#endif
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::string temp_file(const std::string& extension = ".tsfile") {
-        std::string path =
-            tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("utf8_collision", extension);
-        files_.push_back(path);
-        return path;
-    }
-
-    std::string temp_directory() {
-        std::string path =
-            tsfile_cli_test::unique_temp_path("utf8_collision_export", "");
-        directories_.push_back(path);
-        return path;
-    }
-
-    bool exists(const std::string& path) {
-        struct stat st;
-        return stat(path.c_str(), &st) == 0;
-    }
-
-    void write_tree(const std::string& path,
-                    const std::vector<TreeDefinition>& definitions,
-                    bool aligned = false) {
-        storage::WriteFile file;
-        int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-        flags |= O_BINARY;
-#endif
-        ASSERT_EQ(file.create(path, flags, 0666), common::E_OK);
-        storage::TsFileTreeWriter writer(&file);
-        for (const auto& definition : definitions) {
-            std::string device = definition.device;
-            std::vector<storage::MeasurementSchema*> schemas;
-            for (const auto& field : definition.fields) {
-                schemas.push_back(new storage::MeasurementSchema(
-                    field, common::INT64, common::PLAIN, common::UNCOMPRESSED));
-                if (!aligned) {
-                    ASSERT_EQ(
-                        writer.register_timeseries(device, schemas.back()),
-                        common::E_OK);
-                }
-            }
-            if (aligned) {
-                ASSERT_EQ(writer.register_timeseries(device, schemas),
-                          common::E_OK);
-            }
-            storage::TsRecord record(device, 1000);
-            for (const auto& field : definition.fields) {
-                record.add_point(field, static_cast<int64_t>(42));
-            }
-            ASSERT_EQ(writer.write(record), common::E_OK);
-            if (!aligned) {
-                for (auto* schema : schemas) delete schema;
-            }
-        }
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.flush(), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.close(), common::E_OK);
-    }
-
-    void write_tables(const std::string& path,
-                      const std::vector<TableDefinition>& definitions,
-                      int rows = 2) {
-        storage::TsFileWriter writer;
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.open(path), common::E_OK);
-        for (const auto& definition : definitions) {
-            std::vector<common::ColumnSchema> columns;
-            std::vector<std::string> names;
-            std::vector<common::TSDataType> types;
-            std::vector<common::ColumnCategory> categories;
-            for (const auto& tag : definition.tags) {
-                columns.push_back(common::ColumnSchema(
-                    tag, common::STRING, common::UNCOMPRESSED, common::PLAIN,
-                    common::ColumnCategory::TAG));
-                names.push_back(tag);
-                types.push_back(common::STRING);
-                categories.push_back(common::ColumnCategory::TAG);
-            }
-            for (const auto& field : definition.fields) {
-                columns.push_back(common::ColumnSchema(
-                    field, common::INT64, common::UNCOMPRESSED, common::PLAIN,
-                    common::ColumnCategory::FIELD));
-                names.push_back(field);
-                types.push_back(common::INT64);
-                categories.push_back(common::ColumnCategory::FIELD);
-            }
-            ASSERT_EQ(
-                writer.register_table(std::make_shared<storage::TableSchema>(
-                    definition.table, columns)),
-                common::E_OK);
-            if (rows == 0) continue;
-            storage::Tablet tablet(definition.table, names, types, categories,
-                                   rows);
-            for (int row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
-                tablet.add_timestamp(row, static_cast<int64_t>(1000 + row));
-                for (const auto& tag : definition.tags) {
-                    tablet.add_value(row, tag, row == 0 ? "first" : "second");
-                }
-                for (const auto& field : definition.fields) {
-                    tablet.add_value(row, field, static_cast<int64_t>(42));
-                }
-            }
-            ASSERT_EQ(writer.write_table(tablet), common::E_OK);
-        }
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.flush(), common::E_OK);
-        ASSERT_EQ(writer.close(), common::E_OK);
-    }
-
-    void expect_collision(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err), 2) << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(out.str().empty()) << out.str();
-        EXPECT_NE(err.str().find("after UTF-8 replacement"), std::string::npos)
-            << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(err.str()));
-    }
-
-    void expect_success(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-        std::ostringstream out, err;
-        EXPECT_EQ(tsfile_cli::run_cli(args, out, err), 0) << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(err.str().empty()) << err.str();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(tsfile_cli::is_valid_utf8(out.str()));
-    }
-
-   private:
-    std::vector<std::string> files_;
-    std::vector<std::string> directories_;
-};
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, TreeColumnsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats) {
-    for (bool aligned : {false, true}) {
-        const std::string path = temp_file();
-        write_tree(path, {{"root.d", kNames}}, aligned);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-        for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-            for (const auto& command :
-                 {"schema", "count", "stats", "head", "cat"}) {
-                SCOPED_TRACE(std::string(command) + " " + format +
-                             " aligned=" + std::to_string(aligned));
-                expect_collision({command, "-f", format, path});
-            }
-            expect_success({"ls", "-f", format, path});
-        }
-        // Sketch deliberately follows printSketch without collision checking.
-        expect_success({"sketch", path});
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, TableFieldsAndTagsFailBeforeOutputAcrossFormats) {
-    const std::vector<TableDefinition> definitions = {
-        {"t", {"id"}, kNames},
-        {"t", kNames, {"value"}},
-        {"t", {kNames[0]}, {kNames[1]}},
-        {"t", {"id"}, {kNames[0], kNames[2]}}};
-    for (const auto& definition : definitions) {
-        for (int rows : {0, 2}) {
-            const std::string path = temp_file();
-            write_tables(path, {definition}, rows);
-            ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-            for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-                for (const auto& command :
-                     {"schema", "count", "stats", "head", "cat"}) {
-                    SCOPED_TRACE(std::string(command) + " " + format +
-                                 " rows=" + std::to_string(rows));
-                    expect_collision({command, "-f", format, path});
-                }
-                expect_success({"ls", "-f", format, path});
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, ObjectCollisionsDoNotRequireMatchingColumnNames) {
-    for (bool table : {false, true}) {
-        for (size_t second : {size_t(1), size_t(2)}) {
-            const std::string path = temp_file();
-            if (table) {
-                write_tables(path, {{kNames[0], {"id"}, {"left"}},
-                                    {kNames[second], {"id"}, {"right"}}});
-            } else {
-                write_tree(
-                    path, {{kNames[0], {"left"}}, {kNames[second], {"right"}}});
-            }
-            ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-            for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-                for (const auto& command : {"ls", "schema", "count", "stats"}) {
-                    SCOPED_TRACE(std::string(command) + " " + format);
-                    expect_collision({command, "-f", format, path});
-                    if (std::string(command) != "ls") {
-                        expect_success({command, table ? "-t" : "-d", kNames[0],
-                                        "-f", format, path});
-                        expect_success(
-                            {command, "-m", "left", "-f", format, path});
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, ProjectionAndSeparateColumnScopesRemainValid) {
-    for (bool table : {false, true}) {
-        const std::string path = temp_file();
-        const std::string scoped = temp_file();
-        if (table) {
-            write_tables(path, {{"a", {"id"}, kNames}});
-            write_tables(scoped, {{"a", {"id"}, {kNames[0], "value"}},
-                                  {"b", {"id"}, {kNames[1], "value"}}});
-        } else {
-            write_tree(path, {{"a", kNames}});
-            write_tree(scoped, {{"a", {kNames[0], "value"}},
-                                {"b", {kNames[1], "value"}}});
-        }
-        ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-        for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-            for (const auto& command :
-                 {"schema", "count", "stats", "head", "cat"}) {
-                expect_success({command, "-m", kNames[0], "-f", format, path});
-                if (std::string(command) != "head" &&
-                    std::string(command) != "cat") {
-                    expect_success({command, "-f", format, scoped});
-                }
-            }
-            const std::string output = temp_file(".out");
-            expect_success({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d", "a", "-m", kNames[0],
-                            "--type", format, "-o", output, path});
-            EXPECT_TRUE(exists(output));
-            const std::string dir = temp_directory();
-            expect_success({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d", "a",
-                            table ? "-t" : "-d", "b", "--type", format,
-                            "--output-dir", dir, scoped});
-            EXPECT_TRUE(exists(dir + "/_manifest.json"));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, StatsChecksMergedTagHeadersAcrossTables) {
-    const std::string path = temp_file();
-    write_tables(
-        path, {{"a", {kNames[0]}, {"value"}}, {"b", {kNames[1]}, {"value"}}});
-    ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-    for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-        expect_collision({"stats", "-f", format, path});
-        for (const auto& command : {"schema", "count"}) {
-            expect_success({command, "-f", format, path});
-        }
-        expect_success({"stats", "-t", "a", "-f", format, path});
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, EmptyRowWindowsCannotHideSelectedNameCollisions) {
-    const std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> windows = {
-        {"-n", "0"},
-        {"--start", "0", "-n", "0"},
-        {"--start", "2000"},
-        {"--end", "0"},
-        {"--offset", "1"}};
-    for (bool table : {false, true}) {
-        const std::string path = temp_file();
-        if (table)
-            write_tables(path, {{"t", {"id"}, kNames}});
-        else
-            write_tree(path, {{"root.d", kNames}});
-        ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-        for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-            for (const auto& window : windows) {
-                for (const auto& command : {"head", "cat", "export"}) {
-                    SCOPED_TRACE(std::string(command) + " " + format);
-                    std::vector<std::string> args = {command};
-                    args.insert(args.end(), window.begin(), window.end());
-                    const std::string output = temp_file(".out");
-                    if (std::string(command) == "export") {
-                        args.insert(
-                            args.end(),
-                            {table ? "-t" : "-d", table ? "t" : "root.d",
-                             "--type", format, "-o", output});
-                    } else {
-                        args.insert(args.end(), {"-f", format});
-                    }
-                    args.push_back(path);
-                    expect_collision(args);
-                    EXPECT_FALSE(exists(output));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest, ExportCollisionPreservesExistingTargets) {
-    for (bool table : {false, true}) {
-        const std::string path = temp_file();
-        if (table)
-            write_tables(path, {{"t", {"id"}, kNames}});
-        else
-            write_tree(path, {{"root.d", kNames}});
-        ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-        for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-            const std::string output = temp_file(".out");
-            expect_collision({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d",
-                              table ? "t" : "root.d", "--type", format, "-o",
-                              output, path});
-            EXPECT_FALSE(exists(output));
-            {
-                std::ofstream file(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-                file << "keep existing output\n";
-            }
-            expect_collision({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d",
-                              table ? "t" : "root.d", "--type", format, "-o",
-                              output, path});
-            expect_collision({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d",
-                              table ? "t" : "root.d", "--type", format, "-o",
-                              output + "/unavailable", path});
-            expect_collision({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d",
-                              table ? "t" : "root.d", "--type", format,
-                              "--force", "-o", output, path});
-            std::ifstream file(output.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-            std::ostringstream content;
-            content << file.rdbuf();
-            EXPECT_EQ(content.str(), "keep existing output\n");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(CliUtf8CollisionTest,
-       MultiExportChecksEveryObjectBeforeCreatingDirectory) {
-    for (bool table : {false, true}) {
-        for (bool object_collision : {false, true}) {
-            const std::string first = object_collision ? kNames[0] : "a";
-            const std::string second = object_collision ? kNames[1] : "b";
-            const std::string path = temp_file();
-            if (table) {
-                write_tables(
-                    path, {{first, {"id"}, {"left"}},
-                           {second,
-                            {"id"},
-                            object_collision ? std::vector<std::string>{"right"}
-                                             : kNames}});
-            } else {
-                write_tree(path,
-                           {{first, {"left"}},
-                            {second, object_collision
-                                         ? std::vector<std::string>{"right"}
-                                         : kNames}});
-            }
-            ASSERT_FALSE(HasFatalFailure());
-            for (const auto& format : kFormats) {
-                const std::string dir = temp_directory();
-                expect_collision({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d", first,
-                                  table ? "-t" : "-d", second, "--type", format,
-                                  "--output-dir", dir, path});
-                EXPECT_FALSE(exists(dir));
-                // A collision takes precedence over output-path errors as
-                // well, proving it is checked before publication is prepared.
-                const std::string occupied = temp_file(".out");
-                {
-                    std::ofstream file(occupied.c_str());
-                    file << "keep existing output\n";
-                }
-                expect_collision({"export", table ? "-t" : "-d", first,
-                                  table ? "-t" : "-d", second, "--type", format,
-                                  "--output-dir", occupied, path});
-                std::ifstream file(occupied.c_str());
-                std::ostringstream content;
-                content << file.rdbuf();
-                EXPECT_EQ(content.str(), "keep existing output\n");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-}  // namespace
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index 0816e8137..4e15a6ffc 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -130,7 +130,8 @@
                             <exclude>**/.jpg</exclude>
                             <exclude>**/.jpeg</exclude>
                             <!-- exact-output test fixtures -->
-                            <exclude>**/test/tools/golden/**</exclude>
+                            <exclude>**/test/tools/e2e/golden/**</exclude>
+                            <exclude>**/test/tools/e2e/fixtures/**</exclude>
                             <!--Generated by Apache Release -->
                             <exclude>local-snapshots-dir/**</exclude>
                             <!-- visualization plans -->