diff --git a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
index 73b06f9deec5..5647f70b6d39 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
@@ -554,10 +554,19 @@ jobs:
       ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC: ON
       ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC_INSTALLER: ON
       ARROW_HOME: /usr
+      # GH-49465: work around the gRPC/Abseil exit hang on Windows
+      # https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/39321
+      # https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/issues/1877
+      # Build Arrow with GPR_DISABLE_ABSEIL_SYNC so grpcpp's Mutex ABI
+      # matches the gRPC rebuilt by the overlay triplet. Remove once fixed upstream.
+      ARROW_CXXFLAGS: -DGPR_DISABLE_ABSEIL_SYNC
       CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja
       CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX: /usr
       VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES: 'clear;nugettimeout,600;nuget,GitHub,readwrite'
-      VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows
+      # GH-49465: custom triplet that rebuilds gRPC with GPR_DISABLE_ABSEIL_SYNC
+      # (native sync instead of absl::Mutex). See ci/vcpkg/overlay-triplets-no-absl-sync.
+      VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows-no-absl-sync
+      VCPKG_OVERLAY_TRIPLETS: ${{ github.workspace }}/ci/vcpkg/overlay-triplets-no-absl-sync
     steps:
       - name: Disable Crash Dialogs
         run: |
diff --git a/ci/vcpkg/overlay-triplets-no-absl-sync/x64-windows-no-absl-sync.cmake b/ci/vcpkg/overlay-triplets-no-absl-sync/x64-windows-no-absl-sync.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..129977b05d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/vcpkg/overlay-triplets-no-absl-sync/x64-windows-no-absl-sync.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+# GH-49465: rebuild gRPC with native sync instead of absl::Mutex to avoid the
+# Windows exit hang. See the ODBC Windows job in cpp_extra.yml
+set(VCPKG_TARGET_ARCHITECTURE x64)
+set(VCPKG_CRT_LINKAGE dynamic)
+set(VCPKG_LIBRARY_LINKAGE dynamic)
+set(VCPKG_C_FLAGS "/DGPR_DISABLE_ABSEIL_SYNC")
+set(VCPKG_CXX_FLAGS "/DGPR_DISABLE_ABSEIL_SYNC")