diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 76339a17c..add67e2b7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ x509-tsp = { path = "./x509-tsp" }
 x509-cert = { path = "./x509-cert" }
 x509-ocsp = { path = "./x509-ocsp" }
 
+# RSA: refactor: use RsaPublicKeyRef instead of RsaPublicKey from RustCrypto/formats - #706
+rsa = { git = "https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA.git", rev = "dc89967d5acf570f35375a9eb9151380fabd2f28" }
+
+
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 borrow_as_ptr = "warn"
 cast_lossless = "warn"
diff --git a/pkcs1/src/lib.rs b/pkcs1/src/lib.rs
index c5f302813..847405669 100644
--- a/pkcs1/src/lib.rs
+++ b/pkcs1/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub use crate::{
     error::{Error, Result},
     params::{RsaOaepParams, RsaPssParams, TrailerField},
     private_key::RsaPrivateKey,
-    public_key::RsaPublicKey,
+    public_key::{RsaPublicKey, RsaPublicKeyRef},
     traits::{DecodeRsaPrivateKey, DecodeRsaPublicKey},
     version::Version,
 };
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ pub use crate::{
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 pub use crate::{
     private_key::{OtherPrimeInfos, other_prime_info::OtherPrimeInfo},
+    public_key::RsaPublicKeyOwned,
     traits::{EncodeRsaPrivateKey, EncodeRsaPublicKey},
 };
 
diff --git a/pkcs1/src/private_key.rs b/pkcs1/src/private_key.rs
index 0c1886efd..c89d56b5b 100644
--- a/pkcs1/src/private_key.rs
+++ b/pkcs1/src/private_key.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 pub(crate) mod other_prime_info;
 
-use crate::{Error, Result, RsaPublicKey, Version};
+use crate::{Error, Result, RsaPublicKeyRef, Version};
 use core::fmt;
 use der::{
     Decode, DecodeValue, Encode, EncodeValue, Header, Length, Reader, Sequence, Tag, Writer,
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ pub struct RsaPrivateKey<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> RsaPrivateKey<'a> {
     /// Get the public key that corresponds to this [`RsaPrivateKey`].
-    pub fn public_key(&self) -> RsaPublicKey<'a> {
-        RsaPublicKey {
+    pub fn public_key(&self) -> RsaPublicKeyRef<'a> {
+        RsaPublicKeyRef {
             modulus: self.modulus,
             public_exponent: self.public_exponent,
         }
@@ -150,14 +150,14 @@ impl EncodeValue for RsaPrivateKey<'_> {
 
 impl<'a> Sequence<'a> for RsaPrivateKey<'a> {}
 
-impl<'a> From<RsaPrivateKey<'a>> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {
-    fn from(private_key: RsaPrivateKey<'a>) -> RsaPublicKey<'a> {
+impl<'a> From<RsaPrivateKey<'a>> for RsaPublicKeyRef<'a> {
+    fn from(private_key: RsaPrivateKey<'a>) -> RsaPublicKeyRef<'a> {
         private_key.public_key()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<&RsaPrivateKey<'a>> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {
-    fn from(private_key: &RsaPrivateKey<'a>) -> RsaPublicKey<'a> {
+impl<'a> From<&RsaPrivateKey<'a>> for RsaPublicKeyRef<'a> {
+    fn from(private_key: &RsaPrivateKey<'a>) -> RsaPublicKeyRef<'a> {
         private_key.public_key()
     }
 }
diff --git a/pkcs1/src/public_key.rs b/pkcs1/src/public_key.rs
index bf8e59c49..b7f3b6ee3 100644
--- a/pkcs1/src/public_key.rs
+++ b/pkcs1/src/public_key.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,23 @@
 
 use crate::{Error, Result};
 use der::{
-    Decode, DecodeValue, Encode, EncodeValue, Header, Length, Reader, Sequence, Writer,
+    Decode, DecodeValue, Encode, EncodeValue, FixedTag, Header, Length, Reader, Sequence, Writer,
     asn1::UintRef,
 };
 
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-use der::Document;
+use der::{Document, asn1::Uint};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
 use der::pem::PemLabel;
 
+/// [`RsaPublicKey`] with [`UintRef`] INTEGERs.
+pub type RsaPublicKeyRef<'a> = RsaPublicKey<UintRef<'a>>;
+
+/// [`RsaPublicKey`] with allocating [`Uint`] INTEGERs.
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub type RsaPublicKeyOwned = RsaPublicKey<Uint>;
+
 /// PKCS#1 RSA Public Keys as defined in [RFC 8017 Appendix 1.1].
 ///
 /// ASN.1 structure containing a serialized RSA public key:
@@ -25,15 +32,18 @@ use der::pem::PemLabel;
 ///
 /// [RFC 8017 Appendix 1.1]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8017#appendix-A.1.1
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub struct RsaPublicKey<'a> {
+pub struct RsaPublicKey<UintType> {
     /// `n`: RSA modulus
-    pub modulus: UintRef<'a>,
+    pub modulus: UintType,
 
     /// `e`: RSA public exponent
-    pub public_exponent: UintRef<'a>,
+    pub public_exponent: UintType,
 }
 
-impl<'a> DecodeValue<'a> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {
+impl<'a, UintType> DecodeValue<'a> for RsaPublicKey<UintType>
+where
+    UintType: DecodeValue<'a, Error = der::Error> + FixedTag + 'a,
+{
     type Error = der::Error;
     fn decode_value<R: Reader<'a>>(reader: &mut R, _header: Header) -> der::Result<Self> {
         Ok(Self {
@@ -43,7 +53,10 @@ impl<'a> DecodeValue<'a> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl EncodeValue for RsaPublicKey<'_> {
+impl<UintType> EncodeValue for RsaPublicKey<UintType>
+where
+    UintType: EncodeValue + FixedTag,
+{
     fn value_len(&self) -> der::Result<Length> {
         self.modulus.encoded_len()? + self.public_exponent.encoded_len()?
     }
@@ -55,9 +68,13 @@ impl EncodeValue for RsaPublicKey<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Sequence<'a> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {}
+impl<'a, UintType> Sequence<'a> for RsaPublicKey<UintType> {}
 
-impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a [u8]> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {
+impl<'a, UintType> TryFrom<&'a [u8]> for RsaPublicKey<UintType>
+where
+    RsaPublicKey<UintType>: Decode<'a>,
+    Error: From<<RsaPublicKey<UintType> as Decode<'a>>::Error>,
+{
     type Error = Error;
 
     fn try_from(bytes: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Self> {
@@ -66,24 +83,30 @@ impl<'a> TryFrom<&'a [u8]> for RsaPublicKey<'a> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-impl TryFrom<RsaPublicKey<'_>> for Document {
+impl<UintType> TryFrom<RsaPublicKey<UintType>> for Document
+where
+    RsaPublicKey<UintType>: EncodeValue,
+{
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn try_from(spki: RsaPublicKey<'_>) -> Result<Document> {
+    fn try_from(spki: RsaPublicKey<UintType>) -> Result<Document> {
         Self::try_from(&spki)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-impl TryFrom<&RsaPublicKey<'_>> for Document {
+impl<UintType> TryFrom<&RsaPublicKey<UintType>> for Document
+where
+    RsaPublicKey<UintType>: EncodeValue,
+{
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn try_from(spki: &RsaPublicKey<'_>) -> Result<Document> {
+    fn try_from(spki: &RsaPublicKey<UintType>) -> Result<Document> {
         Ok(Self::encode_msg(spki)?)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
-impl PemLabel for RsaPublicKey<'_> {
+impl<UintType> PemLabel for RsaPublicKey<UintType> {
     const PEM_LABEL: &'static str = "RSA PUBLIC KEY";
 }
diff --git a/pkcs1/src/traits.rs b/pkcs1/src/traits.rs
index 9424775f8..d337fafae 100644
--- a/pkcs1/src/traits.rs
+++ b/pkcs1/src/traits.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ use {
 use std::path::Path;
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", feature = "pem"))]
-use crate::{RsaPrivateKey, RsaPublicKey};
+use crate::{RsaPrivateKey, RsaPublicKeyRef};
+
+#[cfg(doc)]
+use crate::RsaPublicKey;
 
 /// Parse an [`RsaPrivateKey`] from a PKCS#1-encoded document.
 pub trait DecodeRsaPrivateKey: Sized {
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ pub trait DecodeRsaPublicKey: Sized {
     #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
     fn from_pkcs1_pem(s: &str) -> Result<Self> {
         let (label, doc) = Document::from_pem(s)?;
-        RsaPublicKey::validate_pem_label(label)?;
+        RsaPublicKeyRef::validate_pem_label(label)?;
         Self::from_pkcs1_der(doc.as_bytes())
     }
 
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ pub trait DecodeRsaPublicKey: Sized {
     #[cfg(all(feature = "pem", feature = "std"))]
     fn read_pkcs1_pem_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
         let (label, doc) = Document::read_pem_file(path)?;
-        RsaPublicKey::validate_pem_label(&label)?;
+        RsaPublicKeyRef::validate_pem_label(&label)?;
         Self::from_pkcs1_der(doc.as_bytes())
     }
 }
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ pub trait EncodeRsaPublicKey {
     #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
     fn to_pkcs1_pem(&self, line_ending: LineEnding) -> Result<String> {
         let doc = self.to_pkcs1_der()?;
-        Ok(doc.to_pem(RsaPublicKey::PEM_LABEL, line_ending)?)
+        Ok(doc.to_pem(RsaPublicKeyRef::PEM_LABEL, line_ending)?)
     }
 
     /// Write ASN.1 DER-encoded public key to the given path.
@@ -141,6 +144,6 @@ pub trait EncodeRsaPublicKey {
     #[cfg(all(feature = "pem", feature = "std"))]
     fn write_pkcs1_pem_file(&self, path: impl AsRef<Path>, line_ending: LineEnding) -> Result<()> {
         let doc = self.to_pkcs1_der()?;
-        Ok(doc.write_pem_file(path, RsaPublicKey::PEM_LABEL, line_ending)?)
+        Ok(doc.write_pem_file(path, RsaPublicKeyRef::PEM_LABEL, line_ending)?)
     }
 }
diff --git a/pkcs1/tests/public_key.rs b/pkcs1/tests/public_key.rs
index f3e480e82..ea2ba88e2 100644
--- a/pkcs1/tests/public_key.rs
+++ b/pkcs1/tests/public_key.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! PKCS#1 public key tests
 
 use hex_literal::hex;
-use pkcs1::RsaPublicKey;
+use pkcs1::RsaPublicKeyRef;
 
 /// RSA-2048 PKCS#1 public key encoded as ASN.1 DER.
 ///
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const RSA_4096_DER_EXAMPLE: &[u8] = include_bytes!("examples/rsa4096-pub.der");
 
 #[test]
 fn decode_rsa2048_der() {
-    let key = RsaPublicKey::try_from(RSA_2048_DER_EXAMPLE).unwrap();
+    let key = RsaPublicKeyRef::try_from(RSA_2048_DER_EXAMPLE).unwrap();
 
     // Extracted using:
     // $ openssl asn1parse -in tests/examples/rsa2048-pub.pem
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fn decode_rsa2048_der() {
 
 #[test]
 fn decode_rsa4096_der() {
-    let key = RsaPublicKey::try_from(RSA_4096_DER_EXAMPLE).unwrap();
+    let key = RsaPublicKeyRef::try_from(RSA_4096_DER_EXAMPLE).unwrap();
 
     // Extracted using:
     // $ openssl asn1parse -in tests/examples/rsa4096-pub.pem