diff --git a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/queued_message/claude.jsonl b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/queued_message/claude.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad526d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/queued_message/claude.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{"type": "queue-operation", "operation": "enqueue", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:45:37.097Z", "sessionId": "s1", "content": "ok if there is a better fix, then jsut do it"}
+{"type": "assistant", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:46:00.000Z", "sessionId": "s1", "message": {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "still working"}]}}
+{"type": "user", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:50:28.468Z", "sessionId": "s1", "promptId": "p9", "origin": {"kind": "human"}, "message": {"role": "user", "content": "ok if there is a better fix, then jsut do it"}}
diff --git a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/queued_undelivered/claude.jsonl b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/queued_undelivered/claude.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9727cd5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/queued_undelivered/claude.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+{"type": "queue-operation", "operation": "enqueue", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:45:37.097Z", "sessionId": "s1", "content": "ok if there is a better fix, then jsut do it"}
+{"type": "assistant", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:46:00.000Z", "sessionId": "s1", "message": {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "still working"}]}}
diff --git a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/stacked_commands/claude.jsonl b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/stacked_commands/claude.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..387c82c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/fixtures/provenance/stacked_commands/claude.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{"type": "user", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:10:43.745Z", "sessionId": "s1", "promptId": "p1", "origin": {"kind": "human"}, "stackedOriginalInput": "/reflect /cat-mode please prevent this shit from happening again", "message": {"role": "user", "content": "<command-message>reflect</command-message>\n<command-name>/reflect</command-name>\n<command-args>please prevent this shit from happening again</command-args>"}}
+{"type": "user", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:10:43.745Z", "sessionId": "s1", "promptId": "p1", "isMeta": true, "turnCompanion": true, "message": {"role": "user", "content": "Base directory for this skill: /skills/reflect\n\n# Reflect\n\nbody"}}
+{"type": "user", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:10:43.786Z", "sessionId": "s1", "promptId": "p1", "origin": {"kind": "human"}, "stackedExpansion": true, "message": {"role": "user", "content": "<command-message>cat-mode</command-message>\n<command-name>/cat-mode</command-name>\n<command-args>please prevent this shit from happening again</command-args>"}}
+{"type": "user", "timestamp": "2026-09-12T06:10:43.786Z", "sessionId": "s1", "promptId": "p1", "isMeta": true, "turnCompanion": true, "message": {"role": "user", "content": "Base directory for this skill: /skills/cat-mode\n\n# cat-mode\n\nbody"}}
diff --git a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/test_transcript_provenance.py b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/test_transcript_provenance.py
index faf0826f..a4a41a12 100644
--- a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/test_transcript_provenance.py
+++ b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/tests/test_transcript_provenance.py
@@ -72,6 +72,37 @@ def test_human_complaint_beside_teammate_relay_still_fires(self):
         self.assertEqual(len(direct), 1)
         self.assertTrue(direct[0].text.startswith("I told you to reproduce my screenshot"))
 
+    def test_one_submission_with_two_slash_commands_is_one_human_message(self):
+        """`/reflect /cat-mode <text>` writes the same args twice, tens of
+        milliseconds apart. The second row is marked stackedExpansion, and the
+        two skill bodies are isMeta. One human message, not three."""
+        path = os.path.join(FIXTURES, "stacked_commands", "claude.jsonl")
+        direct = provenance.direct_human_utterances(path, "claude")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [row.text for row in direct],
+            ["please prevent this shit from happening again"],
+        )
+        rows = provenance.extract_utterances(path, "claude")
+        self.assertEqual([row.provenance for row in rows], ["direct_human", "hook", "hook"])
+
+    def test_a_queued_message_and_its_delivery_are_one_human_message(self):
+        """Typing while the agent is busy writes an enqueue row, and the
+        delivery writes a user row minutes later. One message, counted once,
+        or the gap between them reads as the user re-sending in frustration."""
+        path = os.path.join(FIXTURES, "queued_message", "claude.jsonl")
+        direct = provenance.direct_human_utterances(
+            path, "claude", include_queue_operations=True,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(direct), 1, [row.text for row in direct])
+        self.assertEqual(direct[0].text, "ok if there is a better fix, then jsut do it")
+
+    def test_an_undelivered_queued_message_still_counts_once(self):
+        path = os.path.join(FIXTURES, "queued_undelivered", "claude.jsonl")
+        direct = provenance.direct_human_utterances(
+            path, "claude", include_queue_operations=True,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(direct), 1, [row.text for row in direct])
+
     def test_negative_subagent_copies_share_lineage_but_are_not_direct_human(self):
         cases = {
             "claude": ("claude-root.jsonl", "agent-claude.jsonl"),
diff --git a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/transcript_provenance.py b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/transcript_provenance.py
index d4c5bc38..58f61b86 100644
--- a/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/transcript_provenance.py
+++ b/engine/skills/reflect/scripts/transcript_provenance.py
@@ -155,6 +155,8 @@ def _claude_utterances(
             }}
         if row.get("type") != "user":
             continue
+        if row.get("stackedExpansion"):
+            continue
         message = row.get("message")
         content = message.get("content") if isinstance(message, dict) else None
         if isinstance(content, list) and any(