diff --git a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/ctimer_linux.cpp b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/ctimer_linux.cpp
index 0a7758629..c951a4388 100644
--- a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/ctimer_linux.cpp
+++ b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/ctimer_linux.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "guards.h"
 #include "ctimer.h"
 #include "debugSupport.h"
+#include "jvmThread.h"
 #include "libraries.h"
 #include "profiler.h"
 #include "threadState.inline.h"
@@ -156,6 +157,16 @@ void CTimer::signalHandler(int signo, siginfo_t *siginfo, void *ucontext) {
   int tid = 0;
   ProfiledThread *current = ProfiledThread::currentSignalSafe();
   assert(current == nullptr || !current->isDeepCrashHandler());
+  // Guard against the race window between Profiler::registerThread() and
+  // thread_native_entry setting JVM TLS (PROF-13072): skip at most one signal
+  // per thread. Pure native threads (where JVMThread::current() is always null)
+  // are allowed through once the one-shot window expires.
+  if (current != nullptr && JVMThread::isInitialized() && JVMThread::current() == nullptr
+      && current->inInitWindow()) {
+    current->tickInitWindow();
+    errno = saved_errno;
+    return;
+  }
   if (current != NULL) {
     current->noteCPUSample(Profiler::instance()->recordingEpoch());
     tid = current->tid();
diff --git a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/libraryPatcher_linux.cpp b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/libraryPatcher_linux.cpp
index 1b00a5a2d..731a9b21f 100644
--- a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/libraryPatcher_linux.cpp
+++ b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/libraryPatcher_linux.cpp
@@ -72,6 +72,17 @@ static void init_thread_tls() {
     ProfiledThread::initCurrentThread();
 }
 
+// Arm the CPU timer with profiling signals blocked and open the init window
+// (PROF-13072). Kept noinline for the same stack-protector reason as
+// delete_routine_info: SignalBlocker's sigset_t must not appear in
+// start_routine_wrapper_spec's own stack frame on musl/aarch64.
+__attribute__((noinline))
+static void start_window_and_register(int tid) {
+    SignalBlocker blocker;
+    ProfiledThread::currentSignalSafe()->startInitWindow();
+    Profiler::registerThread(tid);
+}
+
 // Wrapper around the real start routine.
 // The wrapper:
 // 1. Register the newly created thread to profiler
@@ -87,7 +98,7 @@ static void* start_routine_wrapper_spec(void* args) {
     delete_routine_info(thr);
     init_thread_tls();
     int tid = ProfiledThread::currentTid();
-    Profiler::registerThread(tid);
+    start_window_and_register(tid);
     void* result = routine(params);
     Profiler::unregisterThread(tid);
     ProfiledThread::release();
@@ -126,6 +137,7 @@ static void* start_routine_wrapper(void* args) {
     RoutineInfo* thr = (RoutineInfo*)args;
     func_start_routine routine;
     void* params;
+    int tid;
     {
         // Block profiling signals while accessing and freeing RoutineInfo
         // and during TLS initialization. Under ASAN, new/delete/
@@ -133,14 +145,20 @@ static void* start_routine_wrapper(void* args) {
         // allocator lock. A profiling signal during any of these calls
         // runs ASAN-instrumented code that tries to acquire the same
         // lock, causing deadlock.
+        // registerThread is also kept inside the blocker so that the CPU
+        // timer is armed while SIGPROF/SIGVTALRM are masked.  Any pending
+        // signal fires only after signals are re-enabled (when the blocker
+        // scope exits), at which point JVMThread::current() is still null
+        // and the guard in CTimer::signalHandler discards the sample safely.
         SignalBlocker blocker;
         routine = thr->routine();
         params = thr->args();
         delete thr;
         ProfiledThread::initCurrentThread();
+        tid = ProfiledThread::currentTid();
+        ProfiledThread::currentSignalSafe()->startInitWindow();
+        Profiler::registerThread(tid);
     }
-    int tid = ProfiledThread::currentTid();
-    Profiler::registerThread(tid);
     void* result = nullptr;
     // Handle pthread_exit() bypass - the thread calls pthread_exit()
     // instead of normal termination
diff --git a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/thread.h b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/thread.h
index d0866e6c3..f037ad0e4 100644
--- a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/thread.h
+++ b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/thread.h
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ class ProfiledThread : public ThreadLocalData {
   u32 _recording_epoch;
   u32 _misc_flags;
   int _filter_slot_id; // Slot ID for thread filtering
+  uint8_t _init_window; // Countdown for JVM thread init race window (PROF-13072)
   UnwindFailures _unwind_failures;
   bool _otel_ctx_initialized;
   bool _crash_protection_active;
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@ class ProfiledThread : public ThreadLocalData {
 
   ProfiledThread(int buffer_pos, int tid)
       : ThreadLocalData(), _pc(0), _sp(0), _span_id(0), _crash_depth(0), _buffer_pos(buffer_pos), _tid(tid), _cpu_epoch(0),
-        _wall_epoch(0), _call_trace_id(0), _recording_epoch(0), _misc_flags(0), _filter_slot_id(-1), _otel_ctx_initialized(false), _crash_protection_active(false),
+        _wall_epoch(0), _call_trace_id(0), _recording_epoch(0), _misc_flags(0), _filter_slot_id(-1), _init_window(0),
+        _otel_ctx_initialized(false), _crash_protection_active(false),
         _otel_ctx_record{}, _otel_tag_encodings{}, _otel_local_root_span_id(0) {};
 
   virtual ~ProfiledThread() { }
@@ -176,7 +178,16 @@ class ProfiledThread : public ThreadLocalData {
 
   int filterSlotId() { return _filter_slot_id; }
   void setFilterSlotId(int slotId) { _filter_slot_id = slotId; }
-  
+
+  // JVM thread init race window (PROF-13072): skip at most one signal that fires
+  // between Profiler::registerThread() and the JVM's pd_set_thread() call.
+  // Pure native threads (e.g. NativeThreadCreator) also see nullptr from
+  // JVMThread::current(), so the window auto-expires after one skip, allowing
+  // their subsequent samples through.
+  inline bool inInitWindow() const { return _init_window > 0; }
+  inline void startInitWindow() { _init_window = 1; }
+  inline void tickInitWindow() { if (_init_window > 0) --_init_window; }
+
   // Signal handler reentrancy protection
   bool tryEnterCriticalSection() {
     // Uses GCC atomic builtin (no malloc, async-signal-safe)
diff --git a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/wallClock.cpp b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/wallClock.cpp
index 5b8d0fa91..f5a16e67f 100644
--- a/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/wallClock.cpp
+++ b/ddprof-lib/src/main/cpp/wallClock.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "context.h"
 #include "context_api.h"
 #include "debugSupport.h"
+#include "jvmThread.h"
 #include "libraries.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "profiler.h"
@@ -65,6 +66,15 @@ void WallClockASGCT::signalHandler(int signo, siginfo_t *siginfo, void *ucontext
     return;  // Another critical section is active, defer profiling
   }
   ProfiledThread *current = ProfiledThread::currentSignalSafe();
+  // Guard against the race window between Profiler::registerThread() and
+  // thread_native_entry setting JVM TLS (PROF-13072): skip at most one signal
+  // per thread. Pure native threads (where JVMThread::current() is always null)
+  // are allowed through once the one-shot window expires.
+  if (current != nullptr && JVMThread::isInitialized() && JVMThread::current() == nullptr
+      && current->inInitWindow()) {
+    current->tickInitWindow();
+    return;
+  }
   int tid = current != NULL ? current->tid() : OS::threadId();
   Shims::instance().setSighandlerTid(tid);
   u64 call_trace_id = 0;