diff --git a/src/maxtext/integration/vllm/maxtext_vllm_adapter/adapter.py b/src/maxtext/integration/vllm/maxtext_vllm_adapter/adapter.py
index a0f3afba76..49bc08d48a 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/integration/vllm/maxtext_vllm_adapter/adapter.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/integration/vllm/maxtext_vllm_adapter/adapter.py
@@ -86,6 +86,11 @@ class MaxTextForCausalLM(nnx.Module):
   of the decoding step.
   """
 
+  # Signal to tpu-inference model_loader that this class manages its own
+  # JIT-sharded initialization (via create_nnx_model with out_shardings).
+  # When True, model_loader skips wrapping __init__ in an outer bare @jax.jit,
+  _self_manages_sharding: bool = True
+
   def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, rng_key: jax.Array, mesh: Mesh):
     """Initializes the MaxTextForCausalLM model.
 
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@ def load_weights(self, rng_key: jax.Array) -> None:
     if self.model is not None:
       return
 
-    with self.mesh, nn.logical_axis_rules(""):
+    with self.mesh, nn.logical_axis_rules(self.maxtext_config.logical_axis_rules):
       model, _ = model_creation_utils.create_nnx_model(
           self.maxtext_config, mesh=self.mesh, model_mode=self.model_mode, rng_key=rng_key
       )
diff --git a/src/maxtext/layers/attentions.py b/src/maxtext/layers/attentions.py
index 900bc3f617..c224af506e 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/layers/attentions.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/layers/attentions.py
@@ -956,13 +956,14 @@ def forward_serve_vllm(
           "vLLM RPA attention ops require the vllm-tpu package. Please install it with `pip install vllm-tpu`."
       ) from e
 
-    if rpa_kv_cache is None or rpa_metadata is None:
-      raise ValueError("kv_cache and attention_metadata must be provided when using vLLM.")
-
     query = query.reshape(-1, query.shape[2], query.shape[3])
     key = key.reshape(-1, key.shape[2], key.shape[3])
     value = value.reshape(-1, value.shape[2], value.shape[3])
 
+    if rpa_kv_cache is None or rpa_metadata is None:
+      # Return dummy values for dry runs (e.g. during model initialization or JIT tracing)
+      return [], query
+
     if self.config.sliding_window_size > 0:
       attention_chunk_size = self.config.sliding_window_size
     else:
diff --git a/src/maxtext/layers/decoders.py b/src/maxtext/layers/decoders.py
index 90cbe58c34..b20635e0d2 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/layers/decoders.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/layers/decoders.py
@@ -792,7 +792,13 @@ def __call__(
         decoder_positions,
         deterministic,
         model_mode,
+        previous_chunk,
+        page_state,
+        slot,
     )
+    in_axes_tuple = (nn.broadcast,) * len(broadcast_args)
+    # Pipeline module only accepts (segment_ids, positions, deterministic, model_mode)
+    pipeline_broadcast_args = broadcast_args[:4]
     if cfg.using_pipeline_parallelism:
       if cfg.pipeline_fsdp_ag_once:
         logical_partition_spec = self.pipeline_module.get_weight_sharding(
@@ -828,9 +834,9 @@ def __call__(
                 in_axes_tuple=(nn.broadcast,) * len(broadcast_args),
                 model_mode=model_mode,
             )(y, *broadcast_args)
-        y = self.pipeline_module(y, *broadcast_args, logical_partition_spec=logical_partition_spec)
+        y = self.pipeline_module(y, *pipeline_broadcast_args, logical_partition_spec=logical_partition_spec)
       else:  # Not DeepSeek
-        y = self.pipeline_module(y, *broadcast_args, logical_partition_spec=logical_partition_spec)
+        y = self.pipeline_module(y, *pipeline_broadcast_args, logical_partition_spec=logical_partition_spec)
         remaining_layers = self.config.num_decoder_layers - self.config.pipeline_parallel_layers
         if remaining_layers > 0:
           logical_axis_rules_pp_as_dp = sharding.logical_axis_rules_pp_act_as_dp(self.config.logical_axis_rules)
@@ -847,26 +853,12 @@ def __call__(
     else:
       if cfg.scan_layers:
         if cfg.decoder_block == DecoderBlockType.DEEPSEEK:
-          assert len(RemattedBlockLayers) == 2, "Scanned layers must have a length of 2 using deepseek."
-          layer_call_kwargs = {
-              "page_state": page_state,
-              "previous_chunk": previous_chunk,
-              "slot": slot,
-          }
           dense_layer = RemattedBlockLayers[0]
           moe_layer = RemattedBlockLayers[1]
           if cfg.engram_layers:
-            original_dense_call = dense_layer.__call__
-            original_moe_call = moe_layer.__call__
-            dense_layer.__call__ = functools.partial(dense_layer.__call__, **layer_call_kwargs)
-            moe_layer.__call__ = functools.partial(moe_layer.__call__, **layer_call_kwargs)
-
             common_kwargs = {
                 "dense_layer": dense_layer,
                 "moe_layer": moe_layer,
-                "original_dense_call": original_dense_call,
-                "original_moe_call": original_moe_call,
-                "layer_call_kwargs": layer_call_kwargs,
                 "decoder_segment_ids": decoder_segment_ids,
                 "decoder_positions": decoder_positions,
                 "deterministic": deterministic,
@@ -895,7 +887,6 @@ def __call__(
                 **common_kwargs,
             )
           else:
-            dense_layer.__call__ = functools.partial(dense_layer.__call__, **layer_call_kwargs)
             y, _ = self.scan_decoder_layers(
                 cfg,
                 dense_layer,
@@ -905,7 +896,6 @@ def __call__(
                 in_axes_tuple=(nn.broadcast,) * len(broadcast_args),
                 model_mode=model_mode,
             )(y, *broadcast_args)
-            moe_layer.__call__ = functools.partial(moe_layer.__call__, **layer_call_kwargs)
             num_moe_layers = cfg.num_decoder_layers - cfg.first_num_dense_layers
 
             # If batch-split schedule is used and initialization is complete,
@@ -954,16 +944,38 @@ def __call__(
                 "nope_layer_interval": self.config.nope_layer_interval,
                 "interleave_moe_layer_step": self.config.interleave_moe_layer_step,
             }
-          y, _ = self.scan_decoder_layers(
+
+          # Update broadcast_args and in_axes_tuple for vLLM RPA
+          current_broadcast_args = list(broadcast_args)
+          current_in_axes_tuple = list(in_axes_tuple)
+
+          if kv_caches is not None:
+            # Stack kv_caches for scan: [num_layers, ...]
+            stacked_kv_cache = jnp.stack(kv_caches, axis=0)
+            current_broadcast_args.append(stacked_kv_cache)
+            current_in_axes_tuple.append(0)  # Scan over the layer dimension
+          else:
+            current_broadcast_args.append(None)
+            current_in_axes_tuple.append(nn.broadcast)
+
+          current_broadcast_args.append(attention_metadata)
+          current_in_axes_tuple.append(nn.broadcast)
+
+          y, returned_kv_cache = self.scan_decoder_layers(
               cfg,
               RemattedBlockLayer,
               scan_length,
               "layers",
               mesh,
-              in_axes_tuple=(nn.broadcast,) * len(broadcast_args),
+              in_axes_tuple=tuple(current_in_axes_tuple),
               model_mode=model_mode,
               **layer_kwargs,
-          )(y, *broadcast_args)
+          )(y, *current_broadcast_args)
+
+          if kv_caches is not None and returned_kv_cache is not None:
+            # Update the list of KV caches from the scanned results
+            for i, cache in enumerate(returned_kv_cache):
+              kv_caches[i] = cache
       else:
         if cfg.decoder_block == DecoderBlockType.DEEPSEEK:
           assert len(RemattedBlockLayers) == 2, "Unscanned layers must have a length of 2 using deepseek."
@@ -1173,10 +1185,8 @@ def _apply_single_engram_layer(self, y, current_idx, layer_type, **kwargs):
     """Applies a single, unscanned Engram layer."""
     layer = kwargs["dense_layer"] if layer_type == "dense" else kwargs["moe_layer"]
     layer_prefix = "dense_layers" if layer_type == "dense" else "moe_layers"
-    original_call = kwargs["original_dense_call"] if layer_type == "dense" else kwargs["original_moe_call"]
-    layer_call_kwargs = kwargs["layer_call_kwargs"]
+    broadcast_args = kwargs["broadcast_args"]
 
-    layer.__call__ = original_call
     y, _ = layer(
         config=self.config,
         mesh=self.mesh,
@@ -1186,14 +1196,9 @@ def _apply_single_engram_layer(self, y, current_idx, layer_type, **kwargs):
         layer_idx=current_idx,
     )(
         y,
-        kwargs["decoder_segment_ids"],
-        kwargs["decoder_positions"],
-        kwargs["deterministic"],
-        kwargs["model_mode"],
+        *broadcast_args,
         decoder_input_tokens=kwargs["decoder_input_tokens"],
-        **layer_call_kwargs,
     )
-    layer.__call__ = functools.partial(original_call, **layer_call_kwargs)
     return y
 
   def _apply_scanned_chunk(self, y, current_idx, next_boundary, layer_type, **kwargs):
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/gemma.py b/src/maxtext/models/gemma.py
index f73fd12ced..6465ea54d2 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/gemma.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/gemma.py
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 from maxtext.layers.linears import Dropout, MlpBlock
 from maxtext.layers.normalizations import RMSNorm
 from maxtext.layers.quantizations import AqtQuantization as Quant
+from maxtext.inference import page_manager
 from maxtext.utils import max_utils
 
 
@@ -126,8 +127,7 @@ def __call__(
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
       previous_chunk=None,
-      page_manager=None,
-      page_state=None,
+      page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
       slot=None,
       kv_cache=None,
       attention_metadata=None,
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/gpt_oss.py b/src/maxtext/models/gpt_oss.py
index 58a0a2db8f..af1a04c562 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/gpt_oss.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/gpt_oss.py
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 from maxtext.layers.attentions import Attention
 from maxtext.layers.normalizations import RMSNorm
 from maxtext.layers.quantizations import AqtQuantization as Quant
+from maxtext.inference import page_manager
 from maxtext.utils import max_utils
 
 # -----------------------------------------
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ def __call__(
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
       previous_chunk=None,
-      page_state=None,
+      page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
       slot=None,
       kv_cache=None,
       attention_metadata=None,
@@ -258,6 +259,11 @@ def __call__(
       decoder_positions,
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
+      previous_chunk=None,
+      page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
+      slot=None,
+      kv_cache=None,
+      attention_metadata=None,
   ):
     cfg = self.config
 
@@ -267,19 +273,19 @@ def __call__(
     for layer_id in range(cfg.inhomogeneous_layer_cycle_interval):
       layer_name = f"layers_{layer_id}"
       layer = getattr(self, layer_name)
-      y = layer(
+      y, kv_cache = layer(
           y,
           decoder_segment_ids,
           decoder_positions,
           deterministic,
           model_mode,
+          previous_chunk=previous_chunk,
+          page_state=page_state,
+          slot=slot,
+          kv_cache=kv_cache,
+          attention_metadata=attention_metadata,
       )
-      if cfg.scan_layers:
-        y = y[0]
-    if cfg.scan_layers:
-      return y, None
-    else:
-      return y
+    return y, kv_cache
 
 
 GptOssScannableBlockToLinen = nnx_wrappers.to_linen_class(
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/llama2.py b/src/maxtext/models/llama2.py
index 252dadc768..9961e4048f 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/llama2.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/llama2.py
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ def __call__(
       decoder_positions,
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
+      previous_chunk=None,
       slot: None | int = None,
       page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
-      previous_chunk=None,
       kv_cache=None,
       attention_metadata=None,
   ):
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/llama4.py b/src/maxtext/models/llama4.py
index c66e80440b..8c4d025948 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/llama4.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/llama4.py
@@ -442,9 +442,9 @@ def __call__(
       decoder_positions,
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
+      previous_chunk=None,
       slot: None | int = None,
       page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
-      previous_chunk=None,
       kv_cache=None,
       attention_metadata=None,
   ):
@@ -570,9 +570,11 @@ def __call__(
       decoder_positions,
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
+      previous_chunk=None,
       slot: None | int = None,
       page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
-      previous_chunk=None,
+      kv_cache=None,
+      attention_metadata=None,
   ):
 
     cfg = self.config
@@ -590,6 +592,8 @@ def __call__(
           previous_chunk=previous_chunk,
           page_state=page_state,
           slot=slot,
+          kv_cache=kv_cache,
+          attention_metadata=attention_metadata,
       )
       if cfg.scan_layers:
         y = y[0]
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/mistral.py b/src/maxtext/models/mistral.py
index c590a36f85..73e810fc93 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/mistral.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/mistral.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import jax.numpy as jnp
 from jax.sharding import Mesh
 from maxtext.common.common_types import Config
+from maxtext.inference import page_manager
 from maxtext.layers import initializers, nnx_wrappers
 from maxtext.layers import quantizations
 from maxtext.layers.attentions import Attention
@@ -126,9 +127,9 @@ def __call__(
       decoder_positions,
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
-      page_state: None | int = None,
-      slot: None | int = None,
       previous_chunk=None,
+      slot: None | int = None,
+      page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
       kv_cache=None,
       attention_metadata=None,
   ):
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/olmo3.py b/src/maxtext/models/olmo3.py
index c28020d781..83b31aec7e 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/olmo3.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/olmo3.py
@@ -267,6 +267,11 @@ def __call__(
       decoder_positions,
       deterministic,
       model_mode,
+      previous_chunk=None,
+      page_state=None,
+      slot=None,
+      kv_cache=None,
+      attention_metadata=None,
   ):
     cfg = self.config
 
@@ -282,6 +287,11 @@ def __call__(
           decoder_positions,
           deterministic,
           model_mode,
+          previous_chunk=previous_chunk,
+          page_state=page_state,
+          slot=slot,
+          kv_cache=kv_cache,
+          attention_metadata=attention_metadata,
       )
       if cfg.scan_layers:
         y = y[0]
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/qwen3.py b/src/maxtext/models/qwen3.py
index eb15747fc2..5408746a09 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/qwen3.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/qwen3.py
@@ -896,6 +896,8 @@ def __call__(
       previous_chunk=None,
       page_state: None | page_manager.PageState = None,
       slot: None | int = None,
+      kv_cache=None,
+      attention_metadata=None,
   ) -> tuple[Array, None]:
     """Applies the block of decoder layers to the input carry.
 
@@ -924,6 +926,8 @@ def __call__(
           previous_chunk,
           page_state,
           slot,
+          kv_cache=kv_cache,
+          attention_metadata=attention_metadata,
       )
 
     # The output of the block is the carry for the next scan iteration.
@@ -1235,10 +1239,7 @@ def __call__(
     layer_output = intermediate_inputs + mlp_lnx
     layer_output = nn.with_logical_constraint(layer_output, self.activation_axis_names)
 
-    if self.config.scan_layers:
-      return layer_output, None
-    else:
-      return layer_output, kv_cache
+    return layer_output, kv_cache
 
 
 # -----------------------------------------
@@ -1304,10 +1305,7 @@ def __call__(
     layer_output = intermediate_inputs + mlp_lnx
     layer_output = nn.with_logical_constraint(layer_output, self.activation_axis_names)
 
-    if self.config.scan_layers:
-      return layer_output, None
-    else:
-      return layer_output, kv_cache
+    return layer_output, kv_cache
 
 
 class Qwen3OmniMoeVisionPatchMerger(nnx.Module):
diff --git a/src/maxtext/models/simple_layer.py b/src/maxtext/models/simple_layer.py
index 41ac327281..70be9a5ee1 100644
--- a/src/maxtext/models/simple_layer.py
+++ b/src/maxtext/models/simple_layer.py
@@ -58,7 +58,17 @@ def __init__(
     )
 
   def __call__(
-      self, inputs: jnp.ndarray, positions, segmentation, deterministic, model_mode, previous_chunk=None, page_state=None
+      self,
+      inputs: jnp.ndarray,
+      positions,
+      segmentation,
+      deterministic,
+      model_mode,
+      previous_chunk=None,
+      page_state=None,
+      slot=None,
+      kv_cache=None,
+      attention_metadata=None,
   ):
     # Unpack inputs if it's a tuple (e.g. from a previous layer returning (hidden_states, kv_cache))
     if isinstance(inputs, tuple):
@@ -121,6 +131,8 @@ def __call__(
       previous_chunk=None,
       page_state=None,
       slot=0,
+      kv_cache=None,
+      attention_metadata=None,
   ):
     # Unpack inputs if it's a tuple (e.g. from a previous layer returning (hidden_states, kv_cache))
     if isinstance(inputs, tuple):